Argument for emergency relief of disaster survivors Essay

Argument for emergency relief of disaster survivors - Essay Example However, the primary mindset that has traditionally governed the relief efforts made by the relief agencies is to extend medical assistance and supply basic necessities like food, medicines, clothing, drinking water and shelter to the disaster survivors. It would not be wrong to say that hitherto the relief efforts made by the relief agencies tended to focus on the external needs of the disaster survivors. The relief agencies till very recent times totally ignored the mental distress and the resultant mental health issues faced by the disaster survivors. For example it was only in 1989 that the Red Cross recognized the need for extending mental health services to the survivors in the disaster hit areas. Many government agencies and the policy makers deployed in important relief agencies believe that the visible and material needs and requirements of the people in the disaster hit areas should take precedence over the less obvious aspects such as the mental trauma and distress faced b y them. However, this approach towards disaster relief is utterly narrow and short sighted. Ignoring the mental health needs of the survivors in the disaster hit areas is indeed callous and in a way cruel. Disasters by their very nature happen to be instances that not only jeopardize the set way of life of the people in an area, but that also lead to the loss of the loved one’s and personal homes and possessions, acute physical injuries and physical trauma, and a total shattering of the social moral (McFarlane & Williams 1). Hence, a disaster is bound to cause much psychological and emotional distress to a significant proportion of the survivors in any impacted area. Hence, mental health services need to be an integral aspect of the relief extended to the survivors in the disaster hit areas so as to help the survivors cope up with the trauma and distress experienced by them, to

Climate Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Climate Change - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, the changes in the climatic conditions have affected the scientific curiosity, whereby they are no longer considered an environmental and regulatory concern. Therefore, climate change is considered an overriding environmental issue, whereby it has posed a formidable challenge to the environmental regulators. On the other hand, it is a growing concern in terms of economic, heath security and other dimensions. The changing climate pattern are threatening the productions of food due to impulsiveness of rain, rising sea levels that are contaminating the fresh water reserves and increasing the risk of flooding and high temperate the environment, resulting to increase of vermin and ailments. Background Issues related to climate change are deteriorating, whereby there is a continued loss of ice from the glaciers resulting two years with the ice-free passage through Canada’s Arctic island and increasing the rate of ice loss from the ice sheet in Greenland Antarctica (The World Bank, 1). The warm water is combining with the thermal expansion, whereby occupying a higher volume compared to cold water. Moreover, the melting ice sheet and glaciers are resulting to high rates and ultimate extension of sea levels in a way that outstrips the anticipation in the resent global scientific assessment. On the other hand, there is significant evidence justifying the significance of tripping points, resulting to irreversible changes in the ecosystem and planetary climate system. In fact, the ecosystem is considered places like diverse Amazon rain forest and Arctic tundra, which may reach the threshold of the dramatic changes in the process of drying and warming. Therefore, this is making the mountain glaciers are in startling draw back and downstream effects related to reduction of water supply during the dry periods of the year. This will be the implications, which will affect the transcend generations while the climate feedback systems and collective environmen tal effects will be building across the Earth systems in a way that demonstrates the behaviors that are not expected. There is a possibility for runaway greenhouse warming, which is real, and the climatic changes are being avoided through the transformation based on the hydrocarbon energy system that is rationally initiating. The transformation has to be adequately financed in order to adopt the transformation program in a way that prevents the disasters. There are tools that can be applied in dealing with the problem, though they must be applied in an aggressive and effective way. Therefore, in order to address climate changes, there is a need to cooperate with other nations to implement policies that mitigate environmental pollution. Initiatives for dealing with Climate Changes There are initiatives by the World Bank Group for supporting the developing countries through a contribution to a global solution, and designing an approach based on the needs these countries. This effort i s reinforcing and developing a partnership of the climatic change, the members of the government and other organizations. There are other plans that have been developed in order to invest on cleaning energy in developing countries, through cooperation with other international financial institutions. A scale of investment has been established by the clean energy investment framework based on the needs of the countries related to accessibility of energy. In this case, this case assists in transitioning to a subordinate carbon development alleyway and

International Accounting Developments in Egypt

International Accounting Developments in Egypt Identify the nature of the accounting system used in the country and give supporting evidence to justify the reasons for your decision. As a country, Egypt has experienced a dramatic change towards democracy and transparency. This has further been exposed within the financial statements produced in the country. Through the development of the Egyptian Accounting Standards, the country has transformed from a centralised economy, branded by secrecy to an economy based around the global market, providing full disclosure for its stakeholders (Dahawy, Merino and Conover, 2002. pp. 203,204). The setting of accounting standards in Egypt since January 2016 has been a combined effort of a committee of experts from The Egyptian Society of Accountants Auditors, the Central Auditing Agency, the General Authority for Investment and the Egyptian Institute of Accountants. The Egyptian Accounting Standards follow a principle based accounting policy, like that of the IFRS. External factors have a direct influence on the financial reports of a firm, based on where it is operating. Whilst Egypt develops into a more democratic nation, t he social, economic and political factors will develop the accounting standard. As (Adela, D. 2011) states, many specialists believe this is not possible using a rules-based accounting policy, and instead these rules should reinforce a principle, rather than rending it meaningless. Explain any differences between the accounting standards/system used in the country under review and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). From 2006, the Egyptian Accounting Standards have released an entire set of Standards, with 35 of those based on the IASs. Only EAS 1, 10, 19 and 20 are the exceptions. EAS 1 focuses on the presentation of the financial statements, like that of IAS 1. The Egyptian Accounting Standard requires the distribution of profits to employees and board of the directors to decrease the retained earnings directly, without effecting the income figure in the income statement. This has an immediate effect on the Earnings per Share calculation. EAS 10, fixed assets and depreciation, shows a distinct difference to IAS 16. EAS 10 prevents the re-evaluation of a fixed asset, unless the situation is one approved by the Egyptian law. Under IAS 16, the asset is carried at a revalued amount, being the fair value at that date less depreciation and impairment, thus providing a fair value that can be measured reliably (Iasplus.com, n.d.). EAS 19 emphases the disclosure in the financial statements. It necessit ates that the accumulation of general provisions for loans, is fashioned through a decrease of income in the income statement, rather that the IFRS 7 requirement of decreasing the sum from owners equity. Although EAS 10 does not directly affect the owners equity, as net income is included in calculating the owners equity, a reduction in income would in effect reduce the owners equity. One substantial change that does occur for the business through the difference is that of the profit margin. EAS 20 surrounds a companys use of leasing. The requirement of the Egyptian Accounting Standard is that while the asset is leased, the lessor must keep the asset in their accounting books, and will depreciate it whilst the lessee reports the rental payments as expenses, contradicting the requirements of IAS 17 where leased assets are treated in the balance sheet as a receivable, at an amount equal to the total investment in the lease (Iasplus.com, n.d.). Critically discuss whether you believe these differences cause major issues from the viewpoint of global stakeholders. Global stakeholders, such as World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have had a major influence on the Egyptian economy since 1991, when an economic reform was launched by the government (Khlif and Samaha, 2013). Since taking an interest in Egypt, major stakeholders such as WB and IMF have pressured Egypt towards adopting the International Accounting Standards, assuring that the application and implementations of the accounting standards are necessary to the confidence of external investors supplying the economy with funding (reference). To an extent, with the exception of four standards, the EAS has been built on this influence, developing on the International standards and applying the standards suitable to the Egyptian environment. The difference in EAS 1 to that of IAS 1 directly effects the earnings per share of the company. This could cause confusion for foreign investors, expecting that the company is in a significantly healthier position, as the earnings per share is o ften used as a tool to evaluate a companys profitability. Revaluation of fixed assets allows investors and the business to accurately view the true market value of a fixed asset. The difference between EAS 10 and IAS 16 could cause a difficulty to foreign investors in evaluating the true value of a companys assets. Without re-evaluating these assets, a companys financial reports will show their fixed assets as a much higher amount than their assets are currently worth in the market. This is especially true for technology based fixed assets which have a rapid decrease in value over time. A higher fixed asset amount causes difficulty in calculating a companys true net assets as well as the companys fixed asset turnover ratio. The main concern for stakeholders through the differences of EAS 19 and IFRS 7 would be the effect on the profit margins of the company. The profit margin of a company is calculated as net income divided by sales. With EAS 19 reducing income from the accumulation of general provisions for loans the numerator of the equation will reduce, causing the business to appear less profitable, discouraging foreign investors. EAS 20, unlike EAS 1,10 and 19, can give confidence in the financial reports to stakeholders. Unlike IAS 17, under EAS 20, a leased asset remains in the financial reports of the lessor, allowing a clearer understanding to stakeholders the value of the assets and liabilities of the company. As a developing country, Egypt had a lack of alternative information sources for investors, such as earnings forecasts, since the introduction of the standards in Egypt, this information has become easier to obtain (Ragab and Omran, 2006). These differences in standards hasnt been the only difficulty for the view of foreign investors, (Salem. 2001. p.112) has also described the difficulty caused through the existence of multiple descriptions of the accounting standards, provided by the ECM, CAA and Egyptian accounting profession, forcing invest ors rely on their intuitiveness, rather than the information provided in the financial reports of Egyptian organisations. Evaluate whether the current position, and any near future changes are likely to lead to issues regarding the country achieving full convergence with IFRS as issued by the IASB Throughout the development of the EAS, there has always been a connection to the standards of the International Accounting Standard. In 1997, the EAS was characterised of 19 standards, primarily based on that of the International Accounting Standard (Dahawy, Merino and Conover, 2002). The main concern on the standard, although stated by the EIAA that the EAS was essentially an Arabic Version of the International Accounting Standard, (Hassan. 2008) acknowledged that two interviewees stated that the translations of the standards included some mistakes, in addition (Hassan. 2008) continues to pronounce the descriptions as similar, yet do not mirror that of the IASs. An official translation of the standards arrived in 2002, with the introduction of three new standards, by the Arab Society of Certified Accountants, based in Jordan. (Carruthers, 1995) has debated that building the standards through a combined effort, these organisations have contributed further in avoiding the adoption of the IAS in Egypt. This is due to each organisation providing similar, yet slightly different descriptions for the standard allowing business managers the discretion to choose a suitable description for their desires, and not conforming to the framework provided by the IAS. As (Hassan. 2008) presented in a case study on financial reporting in Egypt, harmonisation between the EAS and IFRS would not entirely meet the needs of stakeholders, as the country has developed standards to better suit the environment in which the firms providing the reports are operating in. Although a previously centralised economy, since 1997 the Egyptian Capital Market set laws to ensure to legally enforce that joint stock companies and partnerships limited by shares that their financial statements must be in harmony with the standards set by the IAS. While there is some harmony between the two accounting standards, (Hassan. 2008) clarifies in his findings that the Egyptian Accounting Standards were designed solely to overcome the pre-existing socialist accounting practises, whilst also increasing the adherence to the process of privatisation. Full convergence is a very difficult task due to political, economic, social and cultural factors that differ between each country. One possible route for the country to obtain this convergence would be to follow the FASB in the creation of the Memorandum of Understanding (Fasb.org,2014) and work together with the IASB to rather than trying to eliminate the differences between the standard develop a new common standard, to improve the quality of the financial reporting. References Adela, D 2011, Principles- and rules-based accounting debate. implications for an emergent country, Annals Of The University Of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 20, 1, pp. 602-608, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost. Alexander, D. and Jermakowicz, E. (2006). A true and fair view of the principles/rules debate. Abacus, 42(2), pp.132-164. Carruthers, B. (1995). Accounting, ambiguity, and the new institutionalism. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 20(4), pp.313-328. Dahawy, K., Merino, B. and Conover, T. (2002). The conflict between IAS disclosure requirements and the secretive culture in Egypt. Advances in International Accounting, 15, pp.203-228. Dahawy, K., Shehata, N. and Ransopher, T. (2011). The State of Accounting in Egypt: A Case. pp.2-8. Iasplus.com. (n.d.). IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment. [online] Available at: https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias16 [Accessed 2 Jan. 2017]. Iasplus.com. (n.d.). IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment. [online] Available at: https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias16 [Accessed 2 Jan. 2017]. Kamal Hassan, M. (2008). The development of accounting regulations in Egypt. Managerial Auditing Journal, 23(5), pp.467-484. Khlif, H. and Samaha, K. (2013). Internal Control Quality, Egyptian Standards on Auditing and External Audit Delays: Evidence from the Egyptian Stock Exchange. International Journal of Auditing, 18(2), pp.139-154. Mostafa Kamal Hassan, (2008) Financial accounting regulations and organizational change: a Habermasian perspective, Journal of Accounting Organizational Change, Vol. 4 Iss: 3, pp.289 317 Ragab, A. and Omran, M. (2006). Accounting information, value relevance, and investors behavior in the Egyptian equity market. Review of Accounting and Finance, 5(3), pp.279-297. Salem, A.K. (2001). The role of financial disclosure in serving the needs of investors decision-making processes under the economic liberalisation policy in Egypt. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation. Alexandria University.

Analysis of South of the Slot by Jack London Essay -- South of the Slo

Analysis of South of the Slot by Jack London The slot is a metaphor of the â€Å"class cleavage of society†. There was a contrast between the North and South of the Slot in terms of building types: in the North were the higher-class centers of diversion, lodging, and business; and in the South were the lower-class centers of lodging, unskilled work/business. The buildings are figures of two contrasting classes that were segregated (?). In order to study the southern people (the working class) a sociology professor of the University of CA, Freddie Drummond (FD), decides to work temporarily as an unskilled laborer. Initially he experiences social problems of adaptation and acceptance by his fellow workers. For example, he doesn’t understand their insistent admonitions to reduce his work pace. As a result of his fierce competition against them, by the 6th day FD doubles his earnings. He misunderstands their lack of loyalty to the business, and looks down on them. Being unable to convince Drummond, and as a last resor t, his co-workers jumped on him and attacked him so badly that he becomes ill. Once recovered, Drummond changes job. He finds himself working as a fruit-distributor among the women and decides not to change their work conditions. In six months, Drummond works at many jobs, and succeeds in imitating a genuine worker. As FD makes tentative generalizations about the working class, he is applauded by the business people, who divulge and spread his studies to the working cl...

The Development of Jig in “Hills Like White Elephants”

In Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† Jig undergoes a transformation enabling her to realize and declare her own feelings. At the story’s beginning Jig is passive, unaware of her own feelings, and in the habit of looking to the American direction. She soon comes to realize her own desires and struggles to assert herself for the first time. The story is structured around the two sides of the valley, the division symbolizing the opposition between the American’s values and Jig’s. The two sides of the valley of the Ebro represent two ways of life, one a sterile perpetuation of the aimless hedonism the couple have been pursuing, the other a participation in life in its full natural sense† (Renner, 32). On one side are the values associated with abortion, and on the other are the values associated with having the child. â€Å"In this setting, then, Hemingway works out the story’s conflict, which revolves around the development o f his female character† (28).The dialogue between Jig and the American about hills and drinks â€Å"is in actuality an articulated but decisive struggle over whether they continue to live the sterile, self-indulgent, decadent life preferred by [the American] or elect to have the child that Jig is carrying and settle down to a conventional but, in Jig’s view, rewarding, fruitful, and peaceful life† (Holladay, 1).The American argues adamantly for the abortion while Jig, being accustomed to doing what he wants, â€Å"has not yet developed the mechanism to know what she wants, much less to articulate it. Thus she cannot forthrightly contest her companion’s urging, but neither, because of what is at stake in this case, can she stifle her own feelings† (Renner, 29). Up until this point the American has been the leader of the couple’s relationship, managing their life together in a manner consistent with his own desires.At the beginning of the story , the couple is sitting at a table on one side of the station, â€Å"facing out toward the hills on the same side of the valley,† the side â€Å"associated with the barrenness and sterility both of the implications of going through with an abortion and of the current state of the couple’s relationship† (Renner, 30). Jig looks at the hills on this side of the station, noting that they look like white elephants.A white elephant, in a North American cultural context, â€Å"is not only a rare and sacred creature, but also a metaphor for an expensive and burdensome property†¦the burden at issue in this story is the unborn child† (Link, 67). The American responds that he has never seen a white elephant. â€Å"No, you wouldn’t have,† Jig replies. â€Å"To Jig, the unborn child she carries is eminently, painfully real; to the American it is a concept, an abstraction, and too expensive to keep† (Wyche, 59). Jig goes on to say, â€Å"That ’s all we do, isn’t it – look at things and try new drinks? This statement articulates â€Å"an increasing awareness of the emptiness of the couple’s lifestyle to date† (60). Jig stands up and walks to the other end of the station, â€Å"effectively [distancing] herself from the influence of her male companion and [enabling] herself, evidently for the first time, to realize what is in her own mind† (Renner, 32). She is now able to see the other side of the valley, â€Å"the fields of grain and trees along the banks of the Ebro,† and the river, which are representative of the values associated with having the child.Jig rejoins the American at the table, once again facing the â€Å"the hills on the dry side of the valley. † She tries to convince the American that her pregnancy could be meaningful for them, and that they could get along even with a child. The American â€Å"resumes his double talk, assuring her that he will go al ong with what she wants while stubbornly pressuring her to do what he wants† (Renner, 33). Pushed to her breaking point, Jig finally â€Å"explodes with real feeling. Even though she still does not state in direct terms her feeling that there can be more to life than their aimless hedonism, she†¦. vidently for the first time†¦[asserts] herself openly against the American† (33). â€Å"Would you please please please please please please please stop talking? † Jig no longer wants to hear what the American has to say, demonstrating her â€Å"increasing awareness†¦of the man’s self-centered and insecure motivation for pursuing the abortion† (Rankin, 235). She is resisting both â€Å"what he wants for their relationship and the hypocrisy of his efforts to persuade her† (Renner, 33), as she realizes it is the â€Å"unencumbered sexual playhouse† that the American is selfishly trying to reserve. The American takes carries their bags to the other side of the station, and upon his return asks Jig if she feels better. â€Å"I feel fine,† she responds. â€Å"There’s nothing wrong with me. I feel fine. † â€Å"The absolute straightforwardness of the last line, a line that incidentally coincides with Jig’s own dramatic epiphany† (Rankin, 234) may well â€Å"imply her realization that there is something wrong with her companion† (Renner, 40).By the conclusion of the story, â€Å"the relationship between Jig and the American has been effectively destroyed† (Wyche, 70). However, â€Å"we see the result of her development toward self-realization: the reluctant and still somewhat resentful capitulation of her male companion† (Renner, 28). Once the â€Å"stereotypical passive female, not even knowing her own mind,† Jig finds herself no longer able to â€Å"drift along in mindless accompaniment† (37) and breaks free from her conditioned deference to assert her own feelings to the American.

Gender Equality Essay

World bodies have defined gender equality in terms of human rights, especially women’s rights, and economic development. [12][13] UNICEF describes that gender equality â€Å"means that women and men, and girls and boys, enjoy the same rights, resources, opportunities and protections. It does not require that girls and boys, or women and men, be the same, or that they be treated exactly alike. [14] The United Nations Population Fund has declared that men and women have a right to equality. [15] see more:speech on gender inequality â€Å"Gender equity† is one of the goals of the United Nations Millennium Project, to end world poverty by 2015; the project claims, â€Å"Every single Goal is directly related to women’s rights, and societies where women are not afforded equal rights as men can never achieve development in a sustainable manner. [13] Thus, promoting gender equality is seen as an encouragement to greater economic prosperity. [12] For example, nations of the Arab world that deny equality of opportunity to women were warned in a 2008 United Nations-sponsored report that this disempowerment is a critical factor crippling these nations’ return to the first rank of global leaders in commerce, learning and culture. In 2010, the European Union opened the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) in Vilnius, Lithuania to promote gender equality and to fight sex discrimination. It is also worthy to note that gender equality is part of the national curriculum in Great Britain and many other European countries. Personal, Social and Health Education, religious studies and Language acquisition curricula tend to address gender equality issues as a very serious topic for discussion and analysis of its effect in society.

Free Essays on Sacraments

There are seven Sacraments according to the Catholic Church, which are designed to strengthen an individual’s relationship with God. The seven sacraments are as follows: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults, Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Marriage and Holy Orders. The definitions of a Sacrament, according to the Catholic Church, are not meant to be mere signs as they do not symbolically signify Divine grace. Sacraments, in addition to the practice of their Divine institution can cause a state of grace in the souls of the individual. Sacrament, in its broadest sense, may be defined as an external sign, or symbol, of something sacred. Almost all creatures of the universe define something as sacred, believing in the wisdom and the goodness of a God. Catholicism in particular is a highly evolved and organized religion so it stands to reason that its symbols and rites are much defined. The Council of Trent defines a sacrament as the sy mbol of something sacred, a visible form of invisible grace, having the power of sanctifying. The â€Å"Catechism of the Council of Trent† gives a more complete definition: â€Å"Something perceptible by the senses which by Divine institution have the power both to signify and to affect sanctity and justice.† The catholic religion uses sacraments as rites of membership, rites of passage, and definitions of the faith. These sacraments have powerful, emotional, and social significance in today’s society. Many people define their commitment to their religion by the fact that they participate in these sacraments. There was a time in the very recent past that participation in the sacraments acted as a quasi-caste system defining who may marry whom, etc. Three things are necessary in every sacrament- the inward grace, the outward sign and the Divine institution. Sacraments signify grace only because they have been chosen so by God. God spoke to Moses, and ... Free Essays on Sacraments Free Essays on Sacraments There are seven Sacraments according to the Catholic Church, which are designed to strengthen an individual’s relationship with God. The seven sacraments are as follows: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults, Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Marriage and Holy Orders. The definitions of a Sacrament, according to the Catholic Church, are not meant to be mere signs as they do not symbolically signify Divine grace. Sacraments, in addition to the practice of their Divine institution can cause a state of grace in the souls of the individual. Sacrament, in its broadest sense, may be defined as an external sign, or symbol, of something sacred. Almost all creatures of the universe define something as sacred, believing in the wisdom and the goodness of a God. Catholicism in particular is a highly evolved and organized religion so it stands to reason that its symbols and rites are much defined. The Council of Trent defines a sacrament as the sy mbol of something sacred, a visible form of invisible grace, having the power of sanctifying. The â€Å"Catechism of the Council of Trent† gives a more complete definition: â€Å"Something perceptible by the senses which by Divine institution have the power both to signify and to affect sanctity and justice.† The catholic religion uses sacraments as rites of membership, rites of passage, and definitions of the faith. These sacraments have powerful, emotional, and social significance in today’s society. Many people define their commitment to their religion by the fact that they participate in these sacraments. There was a time in the very recent past that participation in the sacraments acted as a quasi-caste system defining who may marry whom, etc. Three things are necessary in every sacrament- the inward grace, the outward sign and the Divine institution. Sacraments signify grace only because they have been chosen so by God. God spoke to Moses, and ...

What is Euthanasia and the 3 types Essays - Euthanasia, Free Essays

What is Euthanasia and the 3 types Essays - Euthanasia, Free Essays What is Euthanasia and the 3 types Professor Womack Speech #3 19 February 2015 What is Euthanasia and the 3 types I. Introduction a. Imagine you are driving to school one day; the sun is finally out since who knows when, a slight breeze blowing, it feels so good you dare to roll the windows down. you are cruising along, jamming to missy Elliot, but of course, your mind is on the big speech you have in public speaking and out of no where you hear a can horn blaring at you. b. You are brought to reality from your day dream daze only to realize its too late. The semi truck rams into your side of the car with bone crushing force. You are no longer a happy, carefree teen, but a car accident victim, one who is now hopelessly rolling down a hill in their car. c. Paramedics are called to the scene immediately, you hear muffled sounds and an overwhelming sadness comes over you as the realization sets in, then everything goes bleak. d. No, you are not a happy carefree teen anymore, you are an individual in a irreversible coma lying in a hospital bed e. the outcome is unknown says the doctor. Your parents and family are an emotional wreck. f. My name is Tiffany Liu and today I will be discussing Euthanasia and the 3 forms of euthanasia, voluntary, non voluntary, and involuntary. g. Thesis: The word euthanasia translates from the Greek root word as good death. It is describe as the actions of inducing a gentle and easy death. According to the American Medical association, euthanasia is the administration of a lethal agent by another person to a patient for the purpose of relieving a patients intolerable and incurable suffering. Transition: first lets start with voluntary euthanasia II. Body a. Voluntary i. Voluntary euthanasia is when the patient give their consent ii. A person is considered competent if they have a understanding of what is going on and its consequences iii. A example of this would be a doctor giving a patient a lethal injection who is competent and suffering at the patients request. Transition: next is non-voluntary b. Non voluntary i. Non-voluntary euthanasia is done without the knowledge of a patient because of the patients incompetence whether they have always been incompetent or left no advance directive. ii. A person is considered incompetent if they have no understanding of what is going on and its consequences. iii. In most cases in this situation, the wishes of the patient are unknown iv. A example of this would be a physician giving a incompetent elderly women who is suffering from an advanced terminal disease but did not make any wishes when she was competent to decide Transition: last is involuntary c. Involuntary i. Involuntary euthanasia is also done without patients consent ii. Except it is done against the patient, who is competent, wishes or against someone wishes expressed in an advance directive iii. A example of this would be a doctor giving a patient who is unconscious and suffering from stage four liver cancer, a lethal injection despite the fact that they wrote an advance directive against any action to make their death fast. iv. Unfortunately you cant do this to an ex III. Conclusion a. Now that I have informed you of the 3 aspects of euthanasia, voluntary, giving consent b. Nonvoluntary, the patient is euthanized without patients knowledge because of their incompetence c. And involuntary, done against a competent patient wishes d. I hope that you will keep this information for future references and be more informed. Thank you. Works cited "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. "Death and Dying." Euthanasia. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2015. "Euthanasia." MedicineNet. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2015. "Forms of Euthanasia." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. Young, Robert. "Voluntary Euthanasia." Stanford University. Stanford University, 18 Apr. 1996. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.

Information About U.S. Architect Salaries and Jobs

Information About U.S. Architect Salaries and Jobs How much do architects earn? Whats the average starting salary for an architect? Can an architect earn as much as a doctor or a lawyer? Architects often supplement their income by teaching college-level courses. Some architects may even do more teaching than building things. Here are the reasons why. Salaries for Architects Many factors influence the salary an architect earns. Income varies greatly according to geographic location, type of firm, level of education, and years of experience. While published statistics can be outdated - the May 2017 statistics from the federal government were released on March 30, 2018 - they will give you a general idea of the salaries, wages, income, and benefits for architects. According to May 2017 data from the U.S. Department of Labor statistics, U.S. architects earn between $47,480 and  $134,610 a year, up from a range of $46,600 to $129,810 the previous year. Half of all architects earned $78,470 ($37.72 per hour) or more - and half earned less in 2017, but these figures are significantly more than the median in 2016. The mean (average) annual wage for 2017 was $87,500, up from $84,470 per year in 2016, and the mean hourly wage rate was $42.07. These figures exclude landscape and naval architects, the self-employed, and owners and partners of unincorporated firms. Landscape architects do not fare as well. According to May 2017 statistics from the U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. landscape architects earn between  $40,480 amd  $108,470 a year, which is up from $38,950 and $106,770 a year in 2016. Half of all landscape architects earn $65,760 ($31.62 an hour) or more - and half earn less. The mean (average) annual wage of a landscape architect is $70,880, and the mean hourly wage rate is $34.08, both up from the previous year. Job Outlook for Architects Architecture, like many other fields, is profoundly affected by the local and national economy, especially the real estate market. When people dont have money to build houses, they sure dont have the means to hire an architect. All architects go through good times and down times. Even the most famous architects have stories to tell  - Frank Lloyd Wright worked on his Usonian house design after the Great Depression;  Frank Gehry experimented with his own house during the economic stagnation of the 1970s; Louis Sullivan is said to have died penniless. Most architectural firms will have a combination of residential and commercial projects to hedge against these economic ups and downs. According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, in 2016 the number of jobs for architects totaled 128,800. Competition is fierce for these opportunities. The U.S. government predicts that between 2016 and 2026, employment of architects will increase only 4 percent - slower than the average growth rate of 7 percent for all occupations. The job outlook for urban and regional planners, however, is predicted to be 13 percent, but there are far fewer jobs available. More Statistics, More Sources The professional organization for architects, the American Institute of Architects (AIA), provides an AIA Compensation Survey Calculator based on their own research. It is to the organizations benefit to provide information to newly hired architects, as part of their campaign to Know Your Worth: Are you compensated fairly? Its well-known that many entry-level architects feel taken advantage of at the start of their careers, and the AIA wants you to know that they are on your side with information transparency. For more employment statistics, check out the DesignIntelligence Compensation and Benefits Survey. This report draws data from hundreds of practices that offer design services such as architecture, design-build, engineering, interior design, landscape architecture, urban design, and industrial design. Thousands of full-time staff are represented in the survey. Design Intelligence is an independent research organization who regularly publish surveys and reports that they sell in the DI online bookstore. Online communities such as Archinect also provide data input by their online members. Remember that online polling has become technologically very easy to implement, sometimes making the results a little less than scientific. The Architecture Salary Poll from anonymously input survey data may not be as reliable as federal government data collection. You Are Your Own Architect Too many people think of four-year colleges as training schools - a place to pick up specific, marketable skills to find a job. However, the world changes quickly and a fixed set of skills can become obsolete almost immediately. Consider your undergraduate time as a way to lay the foundation, as though building a structure. The design of your life is based on your learning experiences. The most successful students are curious. They explore new ideas and reach beyond the curriculum. Choose a school that offers a strong program in architecture. But, while you are an undergraduate, be sure to take classes in other disciplines - science, math, business, and the arts. You do not need to earn a bachelors degree in architecture in order to become an architect. Even a degree in psychology can help you understand your future clients. Build the critical thinking skills youll need for an unpredictable future. If architecture remains your passion, your undergraduate studies will provide a solid foundation for a graduate degree in architecture.  You are the architect of your life. Anticipate the Future Architecture can open a world of career opportunities, especially when combined with other, seemingly unrelated skills. Perhaps youll discover a new type of housing, develop a hurricane-proof city, or design the interior rooms for a space station. The particular type of architecture you pursue could be one youve never imagined...perhaps one not yet invented. Some of the highest paying careers today did not exist 30 years ago. We can only guess the possibilities for the future. What will the world be like when youre at the peak of your career? Current trends suggest that the next 45 years will bring an urgent need for inventive, creative architects who can rise to the challenges posed by aging populations and global climate change. Green architecture, sustainable development, and universal design are becoming increasingly important. Meet these demands, and the money will follow. And, speaking of money... Does Architecture Pay? Painters, poets, and musicians struggle with the challenge of earning enough money to put food on the table. Architects - not so much. Because architecture incorporates science, engineering, and many other disciplines, the profession opens many avenues for earning income. While other professions may pay more, an architect who is flexible and creative is not likely to go hungry. Remember, too, that architecture is a business. Develop project management skills that will get jobs done on time and under budget. Also, if you can develop relationships and bring steady business to the architectural practice, youll be invaluable and well-paid. Architecture is a service, a profession, and a business. The bottom line, however, is whether architecture is your passion - whether you love design so much that you cant imagine spending your life any other way. If thats the case, the size of your paycheck becomes less important than the next new project. Know what drives you. Architecture is a great profession, but there are some key things to remember, 9/11 architect Chris Fromboluti told an interviewer at Life at HOK. Chris gave this advice to young architects: develop a thick skin, go with the flow, learn the profession, get into green design, dont be driven by money.... A future is the most important design an architect will ever make. Sources Occupational Employment Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2017, 17-1011 Architects, Except Landscape and Naval and 17-1012 Landscape Architects, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor [accessed May 13, 2018]Quick Facts: Architects, Occupational Outlook Handbook,  U.S. Department of Labor, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/architects.htm [accessed May 13, 2018]Quick Facts: Urban and Regional Planners, Occupational Outlook Handbook,  U.S. Department of Labor, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/urban-and-regional-planners.htm [accessed May 13, 2018]Life at HOK at www.hoklife.com/2009/03/23/5-questions-for-cris-fromboluti/, HOK.com [accessed July 28, 2016]

Benefits Of Tennis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Benefits Of Tennis - Essay Example Therefore, one should learn a particular ability when playing tennis to improve his or her life. It begins by discovering the fundamental techniques and skills applied in the game and how interested played can become professional. The forehand stroke ability, for instance, involves using either the right or the left hand in ball control coming from the opponent during the game. This ensures that a player is not outwitted when controlling the body and it is common for tennis matches. As a result, Malcolm Gladwell in his article The Physical Genius observes that most tennis players possess that innate brilliance that is only manifested through their hands when they play. Comprehending the mental skills in tennis is also a great step because it enhances the ability to concentrate when one is on court off the court (Roetert & Ellenbecker 90). It equally boosts motivation in overcoming difficulties such as when one faces a challenging match and still expects to win. Possessing a unique ab ility in playing tennis is critical because it transforms an amateur into a professional. It also instills strict discipline and dedication when approaching difficult issues that expect eventual success and glory. Playing the game is also important because it helps us reduce stress and enhances our social skills when constantly interacting with other players. Tennis is equally suitable for all persons irrespective of the skill levels and only requires a little practice to enjoy oneself with like-minded individuals.... Comprehending the mental skills in tennis is also a great step because it enhances the ability to concentrate when one is on court off the court (Roetert & Ellenbecker 90). It equally boosts motivation in overcoming difficulties such as when one faces a challenging match and still expects to win. Possessing a unique ability in playing tennis is critical because it transforms an amateur to a professional. It also instills strict discipline and dedication when approaching difficult issues that expect eventual success and glory. Playing the game is also important because it helps us reduce stress and enhances our social skills when constantly interacting with other players. Tennis is equally suitable for all persons irrespective of the skill levels and only requires a little practice to enjoy oneself with like-minded individuals. A boost in the muscle flexibility, strength and even tone is another reason to play tennis. Overall, this will result to better health while increasing oneâ₠¬â„¢s bone density and even reaction times (Roetert & Ellenbecker 123). It will also augment the metabolic function especially when one a person is continuously playing with other others such as three times a week is motivated to embrace failure as chance to try again. Playing tennis means a lot to those who cherish the sport. Such persons, for example, want to teach others the rules and regulations of the game. People also establish new acquaintances who become friends and this often nurtures communal love. It also sharpens social skills in our daily life because it becomes easier to chat up total strangers when is in need of urgent help. Likewise, it backs Gladwell’s assertion that most good players understand the direction of the ball

Innovation and Technology Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Innovation and Technology Management - Essay Example Finally in the last context, the essay will analyze the rapid growth of technological advances of companies that often tend to favour them, but not the individuals of the society. It would not be possible to achieve such perilous economic growth in today’s world without the essence of technological improvement. The learnt from the essay will help to analyze the evolution and modernization of the state of economic affairs in the contemporary commercial world. Situation Analysis Question 1: Discuss all elements of ‘The TQM Philosophy and its possible impact of each element to your university or college? What might be the benefits? Total Quality Management Approach is a special management segment that primarily concentrates on the quality-related attributes of an organization. It is also based on the participation of the individuals in an organization for long term success. For a corporate organization, quality management can be achieved by attaining customer’s satis faction and maximizing the society’s welfare. In the current epoch, TQM philosophy is related to the task of managing a commercial or a non-commercial organization in a manner that the concern can effectively and efficiently cater to the satisfaction of the stakeholders without altering the ethical values. The primary elements that are involved in TQM are factors that are related to customer-focusing, employee involvement, process-centred, integrated system, strategic, systematic, continual improvement, fact-based decision making and communications. In this era of ‘consumerism’, the ultimate decision makers to analyze the nature or quality of an organization are the customers. Regardless of improvements made by a firm in terms of its different factors of production, the... The essay will throw light on the types of intellectual property rights available to the companies. The essay would use at least three illustrations for each type of property right. Property rights are indispensible business facts today as they are the norms that protect the competitive rights of the companies in the market. The essay will analyze the rapid growth of technological advances of companies that often tend to favour them, but not the individuals of the society. It would not be possible to achieve such perilous economic growth in today’s world without the essence of technological improvement. The learnt from the essay will help to analyze the evolution and modernization of the state of economic affairs in the contemporary commercial world. This article makes a conclusion that that the state of business affairs in the modern days have changed to a large extent. The contribution of TQM has been priceless in the commercial field. Business firms have benefited from TQM elements to such an extent that the managers of the educational institutes are also willing to govern on the basis of the primary elements of TQM. It is believed that quality management in the higher educational institutes would help to nurture efficient individuals, who would facilitate the promotion of the growth in the economy’s commercial sector. Today, the business firms have highly developed in terms of business operations, but this progress is largely boosted by the protection of the intellectual property rights.

Human Resource Management Soft and Hard Practices Essay

Human Resource Management Soft and Hard Practices - Essay Example Human resource management involves several distinct but intersecting areas of administrative activity. The five wide functions of HRM are people resourcing, managing performance, managing reward, human resource development, and employment relations. Each of these will be discussed in detail below. To start with, people resourcing is making sure there is sufficient staffing for the present and future needs of the business through activities like human resource planning, induction, selection, recruitment succession planning, talent management, and the dissolution of the Employment affiliation (including managing redundancy and retirement). Second, managing performance is the process of managing a team and individual performance and the support of employees to the accomplishment of the goals of the organization, for instance, through performance appraisals and goal setting (Bratton & Gold 2012). Thirdly, managing reward is implementing and designing the pay and reward systems covering c ollective and individual, economic and non-economic reward, comprising workers benefits, pensions, and perks. In addition, employee relations is managing the communication and participation of employees in activities of the organization like decision making, managing workers welfare, handling union-management affairs (comprising collective bargaining and industrial action over the terms and conditions of hiring), handling employee discipline and grievance.

Pollution Of New Energy Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pollution Of New Energy Resource - Essay Example With the current issue of global warming, generation of energy from solar power is one of the best options for managing the problem. Use of solar power has a high likelihood of reducing the challenges of global warming affecting the world today. There are different ways in which solar energy can be used. It is as a result of this that there exist different forms of solar energy. For example, passive solar systems use absorptive structures of houses in heating water beside homes. Active solar energy systems are other types of solar systems that depend on solar collectors to harness solar energy. This type of solar can be used in the generation of electricity. The electricity generated by this solar is channeled to an electrical grid. It is as a result of this that I considered generating energy from a solar bag. Solar bags use the same principle of energy generation from the sun like other solar systems. The solar bag constitutes small, thin as well as durable solar panels. The solar panels in the solar bags are made up of photovoltaic cells which have the ability to generate electricity from the direct sunlight. As the light and energy from the sun hit the solar panel, the cells absorb the energy as well as the daylight making the flow freely since they become loose. The electric field created in the photovoltaic cells ensures the electrons have flown in one direction creating an electric current that is harnessed by metal contact cells that are attached to the top and bottom of the cells.

Marketing Strategy and Implementation Plan Essay

Marketing Strategy and Implementation Plan - Essay Example This essay describes the Absorb Rite Tissues and Towels, Inc. company, that is a successful manufacturer of dairy paper products, enjoying for many years the loyalty of its customers. Competing in the private labels industry for many years, the company is currently facing a down-ward slope in its sales and overall profits due to the shift in customer (retailers) demands. The emergence and development of grocery and super store chains have ultimately pushed prices down; a fact that has caused a lot of pressure to Absorb Rite as it merely produces ‘on the line’ of breaking even. In addition to that, a loss of some of the major clients has considerably further reduced the profits gained. The company has been focusing on manufacturing an innovative product that has a dual utility; the products have already gone through the R&D department and have been tested to sample markets with positive feedback and reviews. The overall strategy of Absorb Rite Tissues and Towels, Inc. sho uld be directed towards marketing and promoting the innovative new products that have already been designed in the R&D department and researched in test markets. To this extend, Absorb Rite needs to redirect its strategy and objectives towards promoting this new line and eventually penetrating the market while capturing largest portions of the market. This marketing plan effectively offers a complete action plan for the necessary activities that need to be implemented towards restoring the position of the firm and increasing total sales.

ArelorMittal's policy in relation to dealing with cultural and social Essay

ArelorMittal's policy in relation to dealing with cultural and social environments - Essay Example Last year the company shipped more than quarter of million tons to the region. Renault has announced to set up a factory in Morocco to serve the customers of Europe and North Africa. The company has mills in Spain and France and supplies steel to Casablanca. ArcelorMittal has extended their footprints in Morocco which was identified as the potential country of the Maghreb region. In order to meet the requirements of Renaults, ArcelorMittal made serial deliveries to Melloussa from December, 2011. The company entered into agreements with leading appliance producing corporations and ensured supply of steel for the production process. To offer steel to the oil and gas industry the company is refining the products as well as identifying the existing steels which are suited for the energy sector. New markets are opening up for the company on the edges of Europe. Turkey is one such country. France and Canada are some of the countries where ArcelorMittal has entered. The company also has ope rations in Brazil and Mexico. Altogether the presence of the company is in 60 countries worldwide. Problems in integrating business The company needs to shift beyond the good intensions on social issues and turn the words into deeds. Although the company plays its part in corporate social responsibility it continues to pollute the environment. According to the new report of Global Action on ArcelorMittal the company risks the lives and displaces local communities. The resettlement plans for the local people were unclear while the company started iron ore mining operations in Nimba County, Liberia (ArcelorMittal Group-a, 2012, pp. 21-24). The people were deprived from permanent employment in the mine and posed a threat o the Mount Nimba Nature Reserve. According to the authorities of the Friends of the Earth Liberia the lack of transparency in the management is a concern when one studies the track records of the company on other countries. The residents of Eastern Europe and South Af rica complain that the company has done little in reducing the high levels of air pollution. The approach of the company towards reduction of air pollution has not been effective although several meetings were conducted with the local communities (ArcelorMittal Group, 2010, pp. 14-15). The European steel plants of ArcelorMittal benefited from huge amount of loans directed to them from the International Finance Corporation but the area of reducing pollution still remains ignored. The safety investments of ArcelorMittal have remained unchanged for Kazakhstan for quite a long time. In spite of the health and safety projects 35 miners lost their lives in the mines of the company in 2008 in two separate incidents. The city of Temirtau is chocked with pollution even now. Questions can be raised regarding the ethics of the company. The company established a mechanism for the employees with which they can raise their concerns against an issue in the working environment (ArcelorMittal-a, 201 2). The procedures are confidential and whistle blowing. The trade unions also work for the purpose of upgrading the safety requirements. The company grievance mechanisms were developed to be in line with the principles of human rights and business of United States. Exit from the market In order to cut down the debt problems, ArcelorMittal took the initiative in scaling down the investments

Marketing Strategy and Implementation Plan Essay

Marketing Strategy and Implementation Plan - Essay Example This essay describes the Absorb Rite Tissues and Towels, Inc. company, that is a successful manufacturer of dairy paper products, enjoying for many years the loyalty of its customers. Competing in the private labels industry for many years, the company is currently facing a down-ward slope in its sales and overall profits due to the shift in customer (retailers) demands. The emergence and development of grocery and super store chains have ultimately pushed prices down; a fact that has caused a lot of pressure to Absorb Rite as it merely produces ‘on the line’ of breaking even. In addition to that, a loss of some of the major clients has considerably further reduced the profits gained. The company has been focusing on manufacturing an innovative product that has a dual utility; the products have already gone through the R&D department and have been tested to sample markets with positive feedback and reviews. The overall strategy of Absorb Rite Tissues and Towels, Inc. sho uld be directed towards marketing and promoting the innovative new products that have already been designed in the R&D department and researched in test markets. To this extend, Absorb Rite needs to redirect its strategy and objectives towards promoting this new line and eventually penetrating the market while capturing largest portions of the market. This marketing plan effectively offers a complete action plan for the necessary activities that need to be implemented towards restoring the position of the firm and increasing total sales.

Women and men Essay Example for Free

Women and men Essay Non violence is a philosophy that has been used as a strategy to bring change. It follows a line which rejects the path of violence. This method of using an alternate to aggression and armed struggle against oppression has been preached and practiced from time immemorial. In recent times, non violence has been used as a means for getting India independence from British rule. This movement was preached and led by Mahatma Gandhi, who immortalized himself to the whole world with the way he went about it. Another fine example is recent history is that of Martin Luther King, who adopted Gandhi’s non-violent ways , in the struggle to help win civil rights for African Americans. Jesus and Non Violence History shows many examples of non-violence struggles, but if we look into our ancients texts we will be able to understand that even Jesus Christ was an advocate of non violence. Until the very end Jesus never renounced his privilege of being the anointed one. Nevertheless, he destroyed the wall that separated non-Jews from the God of Israel. He became the new and living way by which all people had access to the kingdom of God. By acting in this way he removed every pretext for the use of violence. He advocated that gods grace was offered to all and with it the hand of fellowship and the offer of reconciliation. (Walter Wink. Ch. 1. p119) Nonviolence in Theory Practice Nonviolence has always been understood as the absence of violence, but the leading proponents of nonviolence have always defined in positive terms. Thus Mahatma Gandhi spoke of nonviolence as Satyagraha , meaning literally holding onto truth. Martin Luther King Jr. spoke of it as a commitment to resisting injustice without regarding one’s success as a triumph over those 2 who stand for injustice. (Robert. H Barry . L. G. Nonviolence in Theory and Practice) Nonviolence can be understood from many viewpoints and has many aspects to it. To some it may seem as if it is the study of any psychological, social, or political technique to bring about social change, which does not involve the use of the military force, yet again to others it is the study of the spiritual pursuit of a nonviolence as interpreted by particular religions. Discussion There is a belief among many, that nonviolence is actually nothing more than a form of cowardice. Nothing can be further from the truth. In the case of Jesus Christ it took tremendous mental strength and will power to stand up for what he believed. Similarly, in the case Mahatma Gandhi, though violence was used brutally against his followers who were both women and men, by their belief in what they were doing they could bear physical beating and brutalities inflicted upon them by the British without ever losing sight of what they were expected to follow the path of nonviolence. Man has within him an inbuilt mechanism of self preservation and this manifests itself when he is attacked and being bodily harmed. This instinct takes over and counters the attacker by fighting back. The ability to resist this natural instinct and to stay on the path of nonviolence is a sure show of courage and strength. In the case of both Gandhi and Jesus Christ, they were dealing against oppressive rule. They could have chosen an easier way, but that they chose the courageous path of nonviolence . REFERENCES: Walter Wink. Jesus and Nonviolence. Ch. 1. p. 119 . [online} Available at http://www. plough. com/ebooks/pdfs/Jesus. pdf Robert L. Holmes Barry . L. Gan (Part one: origins) Nonviolence in Theory and Practice

Triple Des Against A Brute Force Attack Computer Science Essay

Triple Des Against A Brute Force Attack Computer Science Essay Over the last few years, the Internet has evolved into a ubiquitous network and inspired the development of a variety of new applications in business and consumer markets. So, Multiprotocol Label Switching is another Challenge and a versatile solution to address the problems faced by present- day networks. Main objective of MPLS is to provide Security in the data exchanged. So, In this paper we have implemented Encryption Algorithms like AES, DES and Triple DES to provide sufficient levels of security for protecting the Confidentiality of the data in MPLS Network. This Paper also analyzes the Performance of these algorithms against Brute-Force Attack implemented in the MATLAB environment to protect the MPLS Network MPLS stands for Multiprotocol Label Switching, is a technology proposed by Internet engineering Task Force (IETF) it was designed to facilitate several problems areas in the internet including routing performance and is increasingly being adopted by service providers in their core networks. MPLS solutions are to be used with Layer2 and Layer 3 Protocols. MPLS has emerged as a potential solution for addressing traffic engineering, security and survivability for IP networks. So, a label is assigned to a packet when it enters the MPLS network at ingress Label Switched Router [1]. So, a label is a short fixed length identifier which is of 20 bits ranging from 0 to 19 that is used to forward the packets. Within the network the labels are used to route the packets without regard to the original packets header information. So, in this paper to secure the data which is attached with the label, various Encryption algorithms like AES, DES and Triple DES has been implemented on MPLS network. Ou r technique does not require any hardware, it is totally based on software.Following Sections discusses the proposed scheme. Section 2 discusses the Security Requirements of MPLS network. Section 3 gives the quick overview of the various encryption algorithms used in this technique. Section 4 walks through the used setup environment and the settings for the encryption algorithms on MPLS. This section also illustrates the performance evaluation methodology chosen settings to allow for a better comparison. Section 5 gives a thorough discussion about the implementation results. Finally, Section 6 concludes this paper by summarizes the key points and other related information. 2. Security Requirements of the MPLS Network Network Managers have many options for site to site connectivity like Traditional leased lines, ATM based connectivity and frame relay. But other two types of modern VPNs i.e MPLS and IPSec are becoming increasingly attractive to network managers [2]. In pure IP network it is easy to spoof IP addresses which is a key issue in Internet Security. But, because MPLS works internally with labels, instead of IP addresses, so it not so easy to breach the security. The very fact to make concept clear is that it is not possible to insert packets with wrong labels into the MPLS network from outside, since the customer edge(CE) is unaware of the MPLS core and thinks that it is sending IP packets to the router [3]. The intelligence is done in (PE) provider edge device where based on the configuration, the label is chosen and prepended to the packet. So, MPLS is more secure than normal IP addressing technique. But, the spoofing here can also be possible. The attacks like brute force attack can break the security, although it is not so easy, but it can do so. MPLS alone cannot provide security, it can be combined with IPSec to provide sufficient levels of secu rity. So, various encryption and hashing algorithms are used to maintain the confidentiality of the data. IPSec requires each side to authenticate with the other, so privacy is maintained in IPSec VPN through the use of encryption. A secure MPLS network provides the following facilities to its users [2]: Data Confidentiality: IPSec VPNs provide data confidentiality through robust encryption algorithms. It seeks to ensure data confidentiality by defining a single path between physical sites on a service provider network. This prevents attackers from accessing transmitted data unless they place sniffers on the service provider network. Though MPLS minimizes the chance that data may be intercepted, IPSec provides better confidentiality through encryption. Data Integrity: IPSec uses hashing algorithms to ensure data integrity. There are inherent methods as such to provide data integrity within MPLS VPNs. However, the odd of data being shared by a man-in-the-middle attack is low due to the separation address space and routing information provided by MPLS VPNs. Data Availability: IPSec relies on the Internet for transport. Although an attacker could not read the data, but it could DOS an IPSec VPN by entering false routes into the Internet Routing tables. MPLS VPNs rely on LSPs i.e. Label Switched Paths for transport and since LSPs have local significance only, spoofing is difficult to accomplish. Thus MPLS, can provide better data availability in this regard. Service Reliability: MPLS has the ability to protect the communication session against denial of service attacks. 3. REQUIREMENT OF ENCRYPTION ON LABELS IN MPLS NETWORK In this paper encryption on labels in MPLS network is proposed using AES, DES and Triple DES encryption algorithms. For implementing and evaluating above encryption algorithms we have done the following steps: Encrypt the data with one of the above mentioned algorithms. Encode the data according to MPLS. Brute Force Attack has been done. Time taken to find a correct key is measured against different key lengths. Data Label Encrypt Label Data MPLS Decrypt Secret Key Brute Force Attack Figure 1. Data Encryption This paper analyzes the effectiveness of AES, DES and Triple DES encryption algorithms against brute force attack on MPLS network. The comparison has been conducted by running brute force attack program against these algorithms. 3.1 Implementation Setup This section describes the implementation environment and the used system components. The implementation of DES, Triple DES and AES uses classes available in JAVA package javax.crypto. Separate functions for encryption and decryption have been implemented in MATLAB using JAVA cryptography API. Figure 2 JAVA Cryptography Package Brute Force program is implemented in MATLAB environment. This implementation is thoroughly tested and is optimized to give the maximum performance for the algorithm. 3.2 Methodology Used This Section will discuss the methodology and its related parameters like: system parameters, experiment factors and experiment initial settings. 3.2.1 System Parameters The experiments are conducted using Intel 64-bit processor with 32 GB of RAM. The program is written in MATLAB. The experiments will be performed couple times to assure that the results are consistent and are valid to compare the different algorithms .The brute force attack has been done using single PC. It can be enhanced by the use of parallel computers with high computational powers to decrease the time required to find the key for the above algorithms. 3.2.2 Experiment Factors In order to evaluate the performance of the compared algorithms against brute force program on MPLS networks, the experimental factors must be determined. The chosen factors here to determine the effectiveness of encryption algorithms are the key length and the time taken to breach an algorithm by brute force program. 3.2.3 Experimental Initial Setting We started the attack with 8 bit of key length and extended upto 64 bit. It can further increased upto supported key length of AES algorithm i.e 256 bits. But for this high computational power is required in terms of parallel computers to breach the algorithms. 4. Results and Discussions This Section will show the results obtained from running the brute force program on AES, DES and Triple DES. The results of implementation have been shown below in the form of graphs. The time of launch of brute force attack is shown at the start of the program as in Fig. 3. Figure 3 Screenshot of running brute force program The program exits on success of the attack on the encryption algorithm which is shown below in fig. 4 Figure 4. Screenshot of cracked algorithm The time required to break the encryption algorithm, actual encrypted string and the label applied, all are shown in fig. 5 Figure 5 Screenshot of various factors like time to break, actual encrypted string and the label applied It is highlighted here that the implementation has been performed assuming that the user has arrived at all the correct values of the key and only two values of the key is to be cracked. This has been done to save the time required. The key length can be optimized to reduce the time taken for encryption and decryption process so that it does not slow down the system. i) Effect of key length variation We compare the change in security performance by using different key lengths for encryption algorithms. Graphs are plotted between the time required to find the correct key and different key lengths. We have taken six different scenarios by increasing the length of the key. Table 1 DIFFERENT KEY LENGTHS Scenario Key length (Bits) 1 8 2 16 3 24 4 32 5 40 6 48 7 56 8 64 Following are the graphs for scenarios stated in table1. These graphs show the number of seconds required to breach the corresponding algorithm against brute force attack. Figure 5 Number of seconds required with key length of 8 bits Figure 6 Number of seconds required with key length of 16 bits Figure 7 Number of seconds required with key length of 24 bits Figure 8 Number of seconds required with key length of 32 bits Figure 9 Number of seconds required with key length of 40 bits Figure 10 Number of seconds required with key length of 48 bits Figure 11 Number of seconds required with key length of 56 bits Figure 12 Number of seconds required with key length of 64 bits The above graphs show the time taken to find the key by the brute force program on DES, Triple DES and AES for different key lengths. From these graphs it is analyzed that time taken by brute force attack increases exponentially with the increase in key length. It is clear from the graphs that in case of AES algorithm, brute force attack takes more time to find a key. Therefore, it has a better security than DES and Triple DES. i) Effectiveness of algorithms against brute force attack The results of the iterations of brute force program have been shown in the below figure in Table 2. This graph is plotted in MATLAB environment. The above data and graph represents the effectiveness of AES, DES and Triple DES algorithms against brute force attack. It is evident from the data presented that AES proves to be of better security against the brute force attack than DES and Triple DES for securing MPLS network. Figure 13 Effectiveness of AES, DES and Triple DES against brute force attack Table 2 Number of seconds required to breach DES, Triple DES and AES KeyLength (bits) DES (Seconds Triple DES (Sec) AES (Sec) 8 0.27 0.31 0.55 16 39.59 52.11 110.44 24 1442.52 4575.13 17443.22 32 3085.02 10534.81 36758.31 40 7765.12 21435.13 78252.12 48 15229.91 44671.11 156277.81 56 30118.73 89212.15 330115.42 64 65416.91 122294.54 775313.21 5. CONCLUSIONS The presented results showed that AES has a better security than DES and Triple DES against brute force attack since AES takes more time to break by brute force program for a given key length. Time taken by AES algorithm to break the security considerably increases with the increase in key lengths. respectively.

Jefferson and Blake Writers of the Enlightenment and the Romantic Era :: Free Essays

Jefferson and Blake Writers of the Enlightenment and the Romantic Era The Enlightenment and the Romantic Era are two periods that differed greatly. Out of these contrasting eras came different literary styles and purposes. Thomas Jefferson and William Blake are two primary examples of diverse authors from equally diverse eras. Although the Romantic Era grew alongside the Enlightenment, it placed value on emotion or imagination over reason, where as the Enlightenment focused on reason and logical thinking. Unlike the Enlightenment, Romanticism allowed people to get away from the constricted, rational views of life and concentrate on an emotional and sentimental side of humanity. This not only influenced political doctrines and ideology, but was also a sharp contrast from the Enlightenment’s embracing of rationality before emotion. Jefferson and Blake both representing their own era through different writing styles that characterized the era in which their writings belong. Along with Enlightenment came European struggle with the monarchy. This led to ideas of a self-governed people and, along with the separation of individuals from religion and government, would inevitably influence Thomas Jefferson’s writing of The Declaration of Independence. The beliefs in equality, justice, and morals were outstanding ideas from the Enlightenment that moved Jefferson to write in the instructive manner in which his purpose was to lead a group of people to believe in â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† The Enlightenment influenced Jefferson’s writings and was responsible for his instructive writing style. William Blake’s writing style was a product of the Romantic Era in which people were more concerned with emotions than reason. This era embodied society’s desire to give in to its passions and express its feelings. In Blake’s â€Å"The Lamb,† he questioned â€Å"who made thee {lamb}† and then answered â€Å"little lamb God bless thee.† Blake personified the little lamb with â€Å"clothing of delight† and a â€Å"tender voice.† The comparison of the lamb and its creator through imagery and personification characterizes the Romantic Era as a whole.

F. Scott Fitzgerald :: essays research papers

F. Scott Fitzgerald Francis Scott Fitzgerald's life is an example of both sides of the American Dream, the joys of young love, wealth and success, and the tragedies associated with success and failure. Named for another famous American, a distant cousin who authored the Star Spangled Banner, Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul Minnesota on September 24, 1896. The son of a wicker furniture salesman (Edward Fitzgerald) and an Irish immigrant with a lot of money (Mary McQuillan), Fitzgerald grew up in a Catholic and upper middle class environment. Fitzgerald started writing at an early age. His high school newspaper published his detective stories, encouraging him to pursue writing more than academics. He dropped out of Princeton University to join the army and continued to pursue his obsession. At 21 years of age, he submitted his first novel for publication and Charles Scribner's Sons rejected it, but with words of encouragement. Beginning a pattern of constant revising that would characterize his writing style for the rest of his career. The U.S. army, stationed him near Montgomery, Alabama in 1918, where he met and fell in love with Zelda Sayre. Three years into marriage, after the birth of their first and only child, Scottie, Fitzgerald completed his best-known work: "The Great Gatsby." The extravagant living made possible by such success, however, took its toll. Constantly living at various times in several different cities in Italy, France, Switzerland, and eight of the United States, the Fitzgeralds tried hard to escape from or do something about Scott's alcoholism and Zelda's mental illness. Zelda suffered several breakdowns in both her physical and mental health, and sought treatment in and out of clinics from 1930 until her death. Things were looking up for Fitzgerald near the end of his life - he won a contract in 1937 to write for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in Hollywood and fell in love with Sheilah Graham, a movie columnist.

A Wanderlust Blueprint for Taipei and Taiwan

Taipei is the capital city of Taiwan, and is known perhaps most prominently for its famous landmark skyscraper, Taipei 101. There's a multi-level shopping mall adjoined to the tower, containing hundreds of fashionable stores, restaurants, and clubs. Being the bookworm that I am, I visit Page One first, a huge bookstore with both Chinese and English books. After that, I decide to treat myself to a shopping spree – after all, I am on vacation. When I'm through, I decide to visit the observatory on the 89th floor. I'd read somewhere that the observatory elevators here are the fastest in the world, capable of traveling from the fifth floor to the 89th floor in just 37 seconds. I squeeze into a crowded elevator and set my stopwatch. Exactly 37 seconds later, the doors open with a ping. Wow. Maybe I can get one of these for my apartment. Then I hear the tour guide informing a group of Japanese tourists that each elevator costs US$2.4 million. On second thought, I think I'll scratch that idea. Simply put, the view is amazing. There's no other way to say it. I take advantage of the fact that the observatory offers a full, undivided, 360 degree view, and take several panorama pictures. I dally at the gift shop for a couple of minutes, inwardly debating whether or not I should spend NT$1500 on an I'VE BEEN TO TAIPEI 101 t-shirt. In the end, I purchase it anyway, after managing to convince myself that NT$1500 is not that expensive for a souvenir shirt. I proceed to visit the National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall. It's an incredible monument that was erected in the memory of Chiang Kai-shek, former President of the Republic of China. The whole thing is surrounded by a park and a large square, in which both the National Concert Hall and the National Theater are located. I set off for the National Concert Hall, but to my dismay, am told by the lady at the ticket office there that there are no performances scheduled today. Disappointed, I decide instead to walk the expanse of the park. There are large lakes with loads of fish in them, and I buy several handfuls of fish food from a nearby vending machine. It's fun to throw the food in and watch all the fish swarm together like bees towards pollen. Afterwards, I decide to head to Shihlin Night Market. I take the MRT (Mass Rapid Transit) from Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall Station, past Taipei Main Station, to Jiantan Station. The journey takes me about 20 minutes. I swear I'm in love with the transport system here. It's fast, it's cheap, and it's so clear. There are English announcements and notices all over the place. I've only been here for a couple of days, but the system is so easy to understand, I feel like an old-timer already. It's crowded at Shihlin Night Market, and I find myself travelling down what I would describe as the main alley. Shops of every kind line the two sides, and there are smaller alleys that branch off. The sheer amount and variety of products being sold are quite dazzling, as they range from clothes, novelties, and cosmetics, to toys, electronics, and food. I guess I shouldn't be surprised by the wide audience that Shihlin receives, but I am, sort of. I've seen families with young children, big groups of laughing teenagers, middle-aged couples holding hands, and older people shuffling around. I've also spotted some foreigners, who, like me, probably just want to experience what the infamous Shihlin Night Market has to offer. I have to say, I'm quite impressed. I didn't expect this place to present any sort of entertainment for small children, but I must've passed at least 20 games of miniature hoops, ring toss, small pinball machines, and catch the turtles/ fishes by now. I sit down at a small table in a food stall, and tentatively order a plate of chou dou fu – stinky tofu; apparently it's a Taiwanese specialty. Two minutes later, a plate of steaming hot tofu is set in front of me. To my surprise, it's actually pretty good. Maybe tomorrow, I'll work up the nerve to try tian je – frogs' legs.

“Astronomer’s Wife” by Kaye Boyle Essay

In the opening paragraph of Kay Boyle’s Astronomer’s Wife, Boyle depicts a woman who is oppressed of an equal, intelligent conversation with her spouse. Mrs. Ames sees to all matters of running a successful household, while the astronomer sleeps late and is a loner. His profession makes it clear that he spends a lot of time in thought and alone in the dark at night. Boyle explains, â€Å"He was a man of other things, a dreamer. At times he lay still for hours, at others he sat upon the roof behind his telescope, or wandered down the pathway to the road and out across the mountains.† Since the astronomer is often in his own world, Mrs. Ames is expected to cater to his needs. â€Å"That man might be each time the new arching wave, and woman the undertow that sucked him back, were things she been told by his silence were so.† This quote exemplifies how involved in his work the astronomer is. Whenever he is on the brink of a brilliant idea, she interrupts his train of thought. Therefore, she is the undertow that breaks the force of the arching wave. The astronomer was obviously obsessed with his work leaving little time to act as a husband. The marriage appears to be one that compromises Mrs. Ames’s, and perhaps the astronomer’s, happiness. This is where the plumber is introduced and Mrs. Ames begins to find stimulation outside her marriage. Something as simple as a conversation with a plumber about a stopped elbow is enough to trigger an awakening in Mrs. Katherine Ames. When Mrs. Ames realized that the plumber was talking about something she understood, she in turn realized that her marital problems were not the result of a division between the sexes; instead, she avalid one. She is not happy with a man who wants to go â€Å"up† and that she rather prefers â€Å"down†. Through meeting the plumber, she recognizes this and is â€Å"called to go down†. Mrs. Ames is seeking happiness and someone in whom she can relate. She needs something that speaks to her, something that means something to her, and she wants to change. Mrs. Ames feels a connection to the plumber. He involves her in his theory and she develops her own thoughts. Where her husband treats her as unimportant, the plumber makes her â€Å"bewildered that it should be a man who had spoken to her so†. The astronomer’s wife is trapped in a lifeless  marriage and somewhere there appears a line in which she is not sure if she should cross. The plumber has made her feel like she thought no man ever could. The point is simple; Mrs. Ames has desired respect over the years and finally along comes a man that gives her that much needed self-dignity. When one’s feelings are taken advantage of or neglected, it is natural for that person to begin to look for a beau who will nurture those needs. Whether this is an act that is carried out subconsciously or intently does not matter. In the case of Mrs. Ames it is happening without her permission, but even as she tries to deny her inner feelings and needs she finds them leaking through, like water from a pipe, and the reader begins to wonder if maybe the plumber wasn’t there just to fix a dripping wash-basin.

Global Financial Market Essay

With the market turmoil of 2008 and 2009 in fairly recent memory, investors were feared to take risk in the stock markets, as instabilities of global stock market accordingly enhanced. Stock market is a key element prior to reflect the performance of economy. It is an important part of the economy of a country. The stock market plays a pivotal role in the growth of the industry and commerce of the country that eventually affects the economy of the country to a great extent. That is reason that the government, industry nd even the central banks of the country keep a close watch on the happenings of the stock market. The stock market is important from both the industry’s point of view as well as the investor’s point of view. Through this assignment, with particularly focusing on the performance of Hong Kong stock market, I am going to discuss the roles of the stock market that affect the economy by elaborating the functions of primary market and secondary market, and anal ysis the Hong Kong stock market in relation to the economy with statistics method. Importance of Stock Market The stock market is a necessary and essential aspect of commerce world-wide. Without a stock market, companies could not easily to raise the fund and capital, and investors could not quickly and easily trade shares through the stock market system, and the global economy would not be established into a maturity stage like now a day. The stock market and thus they play the most important role of supporting the growth of the industry and commerce in the country. That is the reason that a rising stock market is the sign of a developing industrial sector and a growing economy of the country. Primary market Whenever a company wants to raise funds for further expansion or settling up a new business venture, they have to either take a loan from a financial organization or they have to issue shares through the stock market. In fact, the stock market is the primary source for any company to raise funds for business expansions. If a company wants to raise some capital for the business it can issue shares of the company that is basically part ownership of the company rather than issuing debt for enhancing the capital and liquidity because of the cost efficiency. There are three main financial systems such as resources allocation, risk management and risk pricing to simultaneously and consistently perform in an economy under the philosophy of primary market. Resources allocation in the primary market Primary market can raise the fund for the company business plan in a short period. Economy can be affected according to any new IPO issued in the stock primary market. To issue shares for the investors to invest in the stocks, through the primary market of the stock exchange they can issue the shares and get the funds for business requirements. There are certain rules and regulations for getting listed at a stock exchange and they need to fulfill some criteria to issue stocks and go public. The company has the business plan which is required to borrow fund for implementation, and the company has planned to apply their fund raised by the stock market after issuing the share through IPO. Fund should be allocated in different areas of the business plan, and it can also increase the liquidity and capital. Refer to the IPO issuance of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China(ICBC) in 2006, ICBC was one of the biggest bank in China. After the IPO. ICBC was the world’s biggest ever IPO that makes it at the same becoming the biggest bank with the most capital in the world. These can significantly increase the confidence of the investors and reallocate the resources in investing into different market against their business plan. Risk pricing in the primary market Investors always assess and calculate the interest and return to every investment which they made. In the primary market of issuing stock listed on the stock exchange, rules and regulations are formed to dominate any new issuers. International banks and Investment banks are always the underwriter of the IPO. It can also comfort the investors that the risk has been assessed by experience large institutions accurately, and then the price of the share is announced to the public objectively. Investors can have more information to compare the return and lose through the provided information in the primary market. In the view of the above, investors will be attracted to invest into the IPO against the recommended pricing. More funding invests into the market that can make a positive impact to the economy. Risk management in primary market To issue IPO in the primary market, guaranteed investors should be confirmed to every IPO announced. This can help into managing the risk, as a minimum of fund can be ensured to the company which can control the risk exposure. The company may have liquidity problem in case of failure in raising the fund of IPO, therefore, the function of guaranteed investor and IPO underwriter can mitigate suck risk, and that can be a risk management to protect the interest of the company as well as the investors. It can reduce the uncertainties and managing the risks involved in investment market of economy. Secondary Market The secondary function of the stock market is that the market plays the role of a common platform for the buyers and sellers of these stocks that are listed at the stock market. It is the secondary market of the stock exchange where retail investors and institutional investors buy and sell the stocks. In fact it is these stock market traders who raise the fund for the businesses by investing in the stocks. So the stock market is not only providing the much required funds for boosting the business, but also providing a common place for stock trading. It is the stock market that makes it possible to sell the stocks at any point of time and get back the investment along with the profit. This makes the stocks much more liquid in nature and thereby attracting  investors  to invest in the stock market. Mobilize Savings in the secondary market When businesses or even individuals hold their money in form of shares, they can easily mobilize funds for investments. Securities traded in the secondary markets are not as liquid as cash therefore this limits the ease of accessing cash. Accumulation of funds for long-term capital projects is therefore easy and possible. The secondary market provides a convenient platform for the trade of securities hence shares can be easily converted to cash for investment. Investment Opportunities in the secondary market As opposed to holding money in savings accounts, the secondary market provides investors with an opportunity to save and at the same time invest. Shareholders can earn and make profit in investing in the secondary market, as the share price always rises and falls subject to the news in public and the environment of economy. In the secondary market, investment in shares does not require a large of fund, therefore, it provides a chance to invest and expand their portfolios. Stock market and economy (Statistical analysis) To support the analysis of stock market in related to the economy, I have done a t-test showing as below. Basically, as the stock market should reflect the economy in advance. I do the statistic in one year difference. Refer to the result, the difference is considered to not statistically significant. The stock market seem influencing the economy significantly. We can see the stock market dropped in 2008 that make the decrease of GDP in 2009. Due to the financial crisis in 2008, the stock market was in panic. This is one of the factors to decrease the GDP. In Hong Kong economy, as there was a great support due to the significant growth of China’s economy. In relation to the increase of HKEx index since 2009, the stock market was in recovery that bloom the economy and the Hong Kong property market has accordingly benefited to grow in these years. GDP was also reflected slightly growth. It can strongly evidence and prove that the performance of stock market obtains a strong relationship with the economy. Conclusions With the reference of the above, stock market is essential to the impact of economy. Companies could easily raise the fund thru the stock market by IPO in the primary market, in order to apply the fund in implementing the expansion business plan, and the investors could gain interest and profit in the secondary market in stock exchange that the capital fund of investors could be increased, in which both factors could have positive effect to the economy. In my recommendation, Hong Kong Exchange and Clearing Limited (HKEX) could consider to extend the trading hours. It could stay closer to other stock markets like USNY, London and etc. This implementation could attract more investors and equity fund to invest into Hong Kong stock market, as the time difference to other stock markets is shorten. It could increase the trading volume in the stock market. If the stock market becomes prosperous that makes the Hang Seng index increase, as more funds invest into Hong Kong, the economy in Hong Kong can accordingly rise in an absolute way.

US fiscal deficit Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

US fiscal deficit - Annotated Bibliography Example "Long Term Fiscal Imbalances, Us External Liabilities and Future Living Standards". The Long-Term International Economic Position of the United States. By Bergsten, C. Fred. 1st Ed. New York: Peterson Institute, 2009. 11 - 23. Print. This chapter of the book focuses on the rising deficit of USA , decreasing savings among corporate and households and increasing external debt liabilities of USA. It explores the interrelationship among the three. It warns that exports from USA are continually decreasing with the rise of China which makes our external debt huge. This external debt coupled with fiscal deficit can cause problems for the economy in future if the saving rate does not increase. Conason, Joe. "Dick Cheney was right : Deficits dont matter and Republicans who are complaining about Barak Obamas spending are hypocrites." 2009. Web. 19 Mar 2013. . This article is about 2 major points. The first point which has been raised is that although Republicans are having been responsible for raising most of the United States debt. The second point mentioned is that national debt does not really matter provided that it is incurred to create long term growth for the country. Productive debt which kick starts the economy is much more beneficial in the long term which more than covers the short term negative effects of the debt. Concordcoalition.org. "Understanding the Federal Debt Limit | The Concord Coalition." 2013. Web. 19 Mar 2013. .

System Development of Disscusion Questions Assignment

System Development of Disscusion Questions - Assignment Example During system development, the members interact with users so that they can improve the system. The choice of criteria is entirely reliant on the user’s requirements in terms of system support. He gives a few requirements that have to be considered. Many users oftenly want to use different UML models in between modeling tools. In most instances, a mechanism is usually provided that ensures the language exchange that is structured by the MOF. The simplest way to do this is to determine the tasks performed by every actor. By doing so, actors are chosen in such a way that their behavior remains constant. In many cases, actors are comprised of humans, but in other cases, they consist of other systems as one’s system can interact with other systems such as a database system. In such an instance, choosing actors will based on their ability to function in such an interconnected system. Many users oftenly want to use different UML models in between modeling tools. How come it is not easy to apply multiple models of UML between tools of modeling? The reasons are technical in nature and one of them is the fact that XML attempts to solve tasks that are more complicated than simply exchanging the models of UML. In most instances, a mechanism is usually provided that ensures the language exchange that is structured by the MOF. The other reason is that the model does not have the required information to ensure a reliable communication network exchange among the modeling tools.

Educational Inequality in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Educational Inequality in America - Essay Example Educational inequality has been a major priority of researchers in the US. Researchers have centered on the impact of poverty, or of social class, or of gender, or of ethnicity or race on young people's personal experience of education. In a related study on educational inequality, the theoretical concept for their study pinpointed the concept of social division as a lens in understanding the link between class and gender relations in shaping the educational achievements of students from ruling-class and working-class families. Thus, the social dynamics of class relations and gender relations is riddled with numerous tensions and contradiction. These can be seen as structuring processes rather than 'systems' in which social relations is organised and disorganised through time. The interaction of gender and class for a working class signifies a relationship between processes. (Connell et al., 1982:179-81). In addition, Connell et al.'s call for reform is one which does away with the stringent academic curriculum for one which works in the interests of the majority of the population rather than the 'ruling class' minority. The study's conclusion is that certain private schools are organic to the ruling class. It a;sp sjoes-and their distressing evidence which shows the extent to which state schools are a disruptive, disempowering force in the lives of the working class-the group call for a form of schooling organic to the working class. (Connell et al., 1982:179-81).Furthermore, Connell et al. emphasize the 'doing of history' perspective at the individual, group, institutional and structural levels. The basic concepts to their approach are practice consisting of the activities of people as they live their daily lives. The situation pertains to the home, school, and to the social and cultural characteristics of the social interaction. Each level of academic experience is viewed from dif ferent aspects of the same dynamic reality and each exists in a reciprocal relationship with the others. . (Connell et al., 1982:179-81). Children from simple family backgrounds The report by James Coleman was a response to Section 402 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which called for a survey to discuss the apparent lack of equal educational opportunities for persons by reason of race, color, religion, or national origin. Coleman's findings on the extent of the achievement gap between black and white students between and within regions, and between and within schools, highlighted the importance of families over schools for setting educational performance. (Coleman 4) Coleman sets this conclusion: "The sources of inequality of educational opportunity lie first in the home itself and the cultural influences surrounding the home. Second, they lie in the schools' ineffectiveness to free achievement from the impact of the home, and third, in the schools' cultural make-up which reinforces the social influences of the home and its immediate settings. (Coleman 10) Children from poor families deal with fewer resources in their schools Five areas are examined when building a causal argument for racial differences in academic achievement: student qualitiess and attitudes, family and home settings, peers, schools and faculty members, and neighborhood locations. Variables pertaining to students cover factors such as age and sex, attitudinal levels of the student's commitment to school, aspirations and