Political Science - Nations vs States vs Nation-States Essay

Political Theory - Nations versus States versus Nation-States - Essay Example In any case, the converge of every one of these components don't establish a country (Sarmah 3). Individuals in a country share regular convictions and religion, and are brought together in like manner drop and language. â€Å"Nations involve a self-establishing open space portrayed by explicit personalities and methods of life† (Segesvary 22). Solidarity among its kin is essential to a country. Before the First World War, Austria-Hungary was considered as a state yet not as a country. Individuals of Austria and Hungary were politically joined together; isolated by any liking; exclusively differing; and reluctant to live in solidarity. A state must be sovereign; be that as it may, a country will remain being a country regardless of whether it loses power. There is no division between a state and a country in a solitary country state. A state can have various nationalities to make a country. It is the point at which a country loses its statehood that the differentiation between the two gets apparent. Germany and Japan lost their statehood in the post-World War II since they lost sway, anyway they kept up their nationhood on account of their people’s yearning to live in solidarity and partiality. Afterward, these nations had the option to recapture statehood (Sarmah 3). Occupants of a country are racially blended with shared all inclusive language, confidence, customs, and history.

Media Marketing In Tourism And Hospitality -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Media Marketing In Tourism And Hospitality? Answer: Introducation This report intends to incorporate all the parts and methodologies of limited time plan, which are utilized by Ocean City Plaza Motel to move toward its intended interest groups. By utilizing these strategies, the organization will produce administration esteem later on. Item or Service Overview Sea City Plaza is an entrenched inn, which is situated as a beachfront inn at Bondi sea shore, Sydney, Australia. The Motel is bending over backward to make visitors agreeable and fulfilled. It is confronting and adjoining the sea shore and situated close to the bus station. Sea City Plaza is the inn, which is drawing in its intended interest groups by offering best cordiality and convenience enhancements. In its menu, it is offering food from 25 distinct zones, including veggie lover, non-vegan, solid and dietary food and other requesting alternatives from clients. Top highlights of Ocean City Plaza remember adequately oversaw registration and registration tasks, Helipad, pools, parking spot, café, and housetop live caf and so forth. To draw in its objective clients, organization is giving numerous offers like; markdown on air ticket, pick and drop administrations from stations and air terminal, vehicle rental administrations, Gym office, bar, clothing administrations and so forth. The association offers the rooms and space for the individuals, who need to invest energy with their loved ones, business experts scanning for a space to hold conference and honeymooners (Beachfrontmotel.com.au. 2017). Target Audiences For its convenience and accommodation administrations, Ocean City Plaza Motel is focusing on the clients, who wish to invest great energy with their loved ones. In addition, it is concentrating on the business experts and associations by giving space to conferences and gathering parties. Notwithstanding above, other objective crowds are couples, honeymooners, and anglers. Sea City Plaza Motel is offering various classifications of rooms as per client spending plan and prerequisites. For its objective market, the significant methodology of the association is to form this inn into a famous goal decision for nearby and outside individuals, who are arriving at Sydney for recreation and business purposes (Assaf, Agbola, 2014). Serious Analysis Sea City Plaza Motel in Sydney is confronting extreme rivalry from a few driving neighborliness associations in the territory, for example QT Bondi, Adina Bondi Beach and Hotel Bondi. When contrasted with its rivals, this inn is offering all the previously mentioned administrations at reasonable rates. At Ocean City Plaza, there is an accessibility of various room classifications, similar to; single rooms, twofold rooms and family size moreover. Different contenders are not offering a wide range of assistance and pleasantries as Ocean City Plaza is offering in this sea shore territory (Bergin-Seers, Jago, 2007). Defense for better worth The association will search for improving its image esteem, with the goal that it can build its client base. The advertisers of Ocean City Plaza Motel can give more offers and limits to pulling in neighborhood and abroad individuals towards its accommodation administrations. By broadening its objective market, the inn can cover lone rangers, who are arriving at Australia for instruction and occasion reason. Research Methods Strategy is a bit by bit process, which is created for achieving an examination objective. For this examination, both essential and auxiliary research strategies will be utilized. Research study will be directed through survey for understanding the inclinations and necessities of clients towards sea shore neighboring inn. This poll structure will be masterminded in a way to think about the desires for individuals. It will help the association in detailing a suitable promoting and business procedure. Essential information will be gathered by circling this survey among 500 visitors of sea shore front inn and circulating this everywhere throughout the city to over 18 years of age individuals. This poll will be isolated in three segments, from which first area will incorporate the segment factors and second part will be identified with various components of advancement blend. It will have five point appraisals showing fulfillment level of clients. The similar loads will be given from one to five, where five will be the most elevated position, for example profoundly fulfilled at sea shore front inn (Bruni, Cassia, Magno, 2017). Additionally, auxiliary information will be assembled from web, contenders sites, diaries of friendliness the board, diaries of promoting, business survey and business magazines. Moreover, this beachfront inn will utilize STP (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning) to comprehend and move toward its clients. It can utilize various factors of division approach, for example, segment, geographic, psychographic and social. By concentrating on these attributes, the association will want to focus on its crowds and create promoting techniques. On account of auxiliary information assortment, the inn will check the legitimacy and dependability of sources. What's more, it will think about the moral and lawful perspectives, while conveying the brand message to its intended interest groups (Chen, Liu, Chang, 2013). Current Value Analysis Worth examination is an orderly procedure, which is created by an association to survey every single item highlight. It is utilized by an association to guarantee that the item or administration cost is fitting as per its capacities (Miles, 2015). For the administrations, it very well may be expressed that what administration contributions ought to be limited and amplified by prerequisite of clients. Worth saw by clients and contenders esteem Client saw esteem is the worth, which shows the distinctive between client investigation of the favorable circumstances and expenses of an item or administration, when it is contrasted and its rivals. This worth is legitimately identified with the deals of companys items and administrations. Sea City Plaza Motel is serving the clients with its best convenience and neighborliness administrations, which are accessible on moderate costs (Expedia, 2017). Essential objective clients of this firm are business voyagers, recreation explorers, honeymooners, anglers and so forth. For improving its worth, the inn has offered the accommodation administrations as per the requirements and requests of clients. There are various classifications of rooms like; single rooms, twofold rooms and family size rooms. These rooms are overseen according to the moderateness of visitors. As talked about above, Ocean City Plaza Motel is standing up to rivalry from different players, for example QT Bondi, Adina Bondi Beach and Hotel Bondi. These contenders are additionally offering comparable administrations in Sydney, Australia. Adina Bondi Beach Motel is perhaps the greatest contender of Ocean City Plaza Motel. It is additionally a beachfront inn and arranged in close by region. It additionally gives various classes of rooms like; single space to in excess of 5 individuals. These contenders of Ocean City Motel are executing various procedures to publicize and advance its administrations everywhere throughout the world. It is utilizing online networking and different strategies for advancement for drawing in the clients towards its friendliness administrations (Johnson, Culp III, Bridge, 2016). Current Value Proposition There are some significant variables, which can be utilized to examine the ebb and flow estimation of Ocean City Plaza Motel. These components are, for example, the executives, promoting, framework and consumer loyalty. Sea City Plaza Motel needs to consider these segments as they can make positive client recognition towards its friendliness administrations. Subsequent to contrasting the administrations of this inn and existing contenders, it is established that Ocean Plaza is offering exceptional and a greater number of administrations than its rivals (Yang, Zhang, Mattila, 2016). It has situated itself as extravagance cordiality specialist co-op at reasonable rates as per the spending of clients. For making its worth, Ocean City Plaza Motel will concentrate on some significant variables, which are expressed underneath; Promoting Promoting is one of the significant elements for moving toward the clients adequately. Sea City Plaza Motel is concentrating on its advertising and limited time forms by actualizing compelling systems. The association has investigated that its rivals, as; QT Bondi, Adina Bondi Beach and Hotel Bondi are multiplying their friendliness benefits via web-based networking media organizing destinations and web. In todays business world, web and online networking are revamping the requests and gracefully of the travel industry. Sea City Motel is executing powerful showcasing and systems for advancing its administrations and improving brand picture among individuals. It will utilize various modes for advancing its accommodation administrations (Kim, Kim, Kim, Magnini, 2016). Viable showcasing will make a positive brand picture among Australian and abroad populace. Framework These days, individuals are getting cognizant about condition and related issues. In this period, the Ocean City Plaza Motel is submitting about its foundation. The lodging building is worked by thinking about the green and eco-accommodating framework perspective. Under this segment, the association will concentrate on giving various courtesies like; LCD TV, free Wi-Fi, radiator, climate control system and so forth. It will work the entire reason by sunlight based vitality with the goal of condition assurance. The executives Powerful administration of the considerable number of procedures and tasks is significant for creating estimation of an association. In the event that an association needs to achieve development and achievement, at that point it needs to deal with the business condition and exercises. This sea shore front inn will deal with every one of its tasks and procedures viably. Essentially, it will deal with the natural properties of the visitor goals and inn premises. It is significant for pulling in the clients and empowering their inclinations towards its cordiality administrations (Kitchen, Burgmann, 2010). Client

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 31st, 2019

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Why Education Is Not An Economic - 1398 Words

Why Education is Not an Economic Panacea 1. What arguments is Marsh making about the relationship between inequality and education in the United States? How does he distinguish his position from other common arguments about the degree to which education, especially higher eduction, can or cannot serve as a panacea for social ills in this or other countries? Marsh is saying that education is not the way to fix low income and poverty. It is the other way around, to improve educational services for all we need to decrease poverty and inequality. His argument differs from those of others, because they believe that by increasing the amount of people getting educations, or degrees, the amount of poverty is going to go down. 2. What evidence does Marsh offer for his argument? Can you restate his argument, including the evidence, in the form of a Toulmin argument, as discussed in Chapter 7? Claim: Education is not the way to fix low income and poverty. Data: Most of the students in the Odyssey Project, did not finish their education. Many dropped out of the project, and most of the ones who finished it never enrolled into a real college afterwards, so they could never use the small amount of education that they had to get a better paying job. Warrant: The data proves that even though many people get an education, it doesn’t always help in the real world, to get a good job, and get out of poverty. Backing: Many people do not finish college, and many of the ones who do can’tShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis : Why Education Is Not An Economic Panacea1145 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis: â€Å"Why Education Is Not an Economic Panacea† â€Å"The advice we would offer every halfway intelligent young person with a pulse—go to college—is not, I argue, counsel we can offer a whole generation of young people† (Marsh p.6). John Marsh explores in his article â€Å"Why Education Is Not an Economic Panacea† the correlation between income inequality and lack of higher education. In doing so he finds that education alone may not be a cure all for the problems faced by many low incomeRead MoreWhy Education Is Important For Country Development Through Economic Growth, Social Development And Health Improvement1704 Words   |  7 Pages Consider the importance of education in a country s development. Education is a basic human right and a significant factor in development of children, communities and countries. No doubt that a person learn in different ways throughout his/her life. Nowadays, education has turned into a essential requirement for people to attain success in their life as well as for the improvement of their country. People are the real wealth of their country. Education can be achieved in schools, colleges andRead MoreWhy Some Countries Richer Than Others Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesUsing economic theory explain why some countries are richer than others. Abstract This paper tries to analyze why some countries are richer than others. Economic theory is used to identify the different factors affecting countries to be richer or poorer. Introduction One of the fundamental questions regarding the world during all the time is why some counties are richer than others. How is it possible that there are some countries in 21st century, where families cannot feed their childrenRead More Kazakhstan’s Most Problematic Factor for Doing Business Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesIn the period of globalization today Kazakhstan is known as a competitive and pressing towards to be economically developed country, due to its determination and activeness in the world area of global problems. The world economic forum report on global competitiveness for 2012-2013 shows that Kazakhstan is appreciated as ready for competitiveness and it has taken 51 position from 126 ones, which is actually reputable result for such country like Kazakhstan. The country is ahead from Russian FederationRead MoreU.s. Military Defense And Education1737 Words   |  7 Pagesmilitary defense and programs that provide economic security, such as education and healt h care . A worthy portion of any country s budget is spent on defence . To some extent it is not a good idea for us to spend money on defending ourselves from imaginary enemies. We spend significant sums of money preparing for wars that we later create and ignore the needs of our own country. There are also other important sectors which needs to develop to bring economic growth. It should be much better to spentRead MoreWealth Inequality in the US with Sociological Viewpoints Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pagesinequality might be in power, resources, social standing/class or perceived worth. In the US, where a class system exist, (as opposed to caste or estate system) your place in the class system can be determined by your personal achievements. However, the economic and social class that an individual is born into is a big indicator of the class they will end up in as an adult. [3] What are the effects of this wealth inequality in the US and what causes it as well as some possi ble solutions and their ramificationsRead MoreAnalysis Of Class Matters By Bill Keller757 Words   |  4 PagesIn Class Matters, Bill Keller examines the meaning of the word class and how it plays on the life of the US citizens.According to Class Matters, a class is represented as four cards, one from each suit: education, income, occupation, and wealth. Based on your cards you are put into a class. Most people end up with the same cards as their parents. Keller explains how a class can be predetermined by a person’s upbringing or how they were raised. In this book, Bill Keller suggests that it is quiteRead MoreCollege Is Going Through Changes972 Words   |  4 Pages Today college is going through changes. The economic instability throughout the countries, parents have pondered the questions, is college a good investment for my child. There is a great debate throughout the country regarding college education. Some people argue that college is not for all students and most students will not benefit in going to college. From grade school to high school students are being prepared in attending college. Teachers and academic counselors tell students that inRead MoreThe Classical Economist View on the Importance of Education1114 Words   |  5 Pagescan be attributed to the embracing education around the world. Education is a powerful instrument with a huge potential to increase opportunity for individual, community, and countries. It involves the refinement of human resource to explore its infinite potentials to achieve sustenance. It has huge potential to increase human capital in the labor force and also improve the innovative capacity of an economy. Because of the significant impact of education to economic development over the years, earlyRead MoreImmigrants And The United States921 Words   |  4 Pagesdaily basis, these people have crossed the united states border illegally. During that process, they put their lives in danger by crossing rivers, walking dessert, underground tunnels etc.The reason why these people and families come to the united states. Is because they are trying to improve their economic situation, to have a better future for their children, and to escape corruption and violence from their country. Let s just use a Mexican citizen as an example of how these people get paid on a

Company Code of Ethics Essay - 827 Words

Company Code of Ethics The Company code of ethics will cover all employees within our organization. The Code of ethics is essential for corporations today to remain in business and abide by their federal and state government regulations. Ethical training programs will exist ever corporation and are given to each employee usually the first day of employment and renewed on the annual basics. An ethical conflict occurs when people will encounter situations that they cannot easily control or resolved. In such situations, people tend to base their decisions on their own morality of right or wrong and act accordingly in their daily lives. Morally viewpoint and principles or rules the individuals use to decide what is right and wrong often†¦show more content†¦We will have respect for each others and for all our stakeholders. Trust, honesty and integrity are our key values). (Yell Group, December, 2007) Purpose of the code: The purpose of an organizations or business code of ethics will be to establish procedures and standards for employees within our corporation’s value and cultures. Employees will comply with all governmental laws and regulations. Promote honesty and ethical conduct for our corporation. Promote an internal reporting system for all ethical violations within our corporation. The Corporation will have the accountability for any adherence within our codes of ethics standards and procedures. Core values The corporation core values include general are leadership, integrity (Office Max) core values are (Integrity and accountability, We operate in a way that is ethical and fair We are not just following rules and legal guidelines, but making decisions and taking action based on solid values). (Office Max, Revised April, 2008) Different professions and originations will have their possess code of ethics. Engineers shall show leadership and have an objective and truthfulness in a professional miner of their reports, and statements, and or testimony. They shall include all information such as reports, statements, or testimony, which should bear the date showing when it was curetted. (Ethics for Engineers, Publication #1102) TrainingShow MoreRelatedThe Code of Ethics of a Company2068 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Code  of Ethics A code of ethics represents a value statement of a company, its directors and its employees. It is the expected behavior tone that needs to be practiced in the company. It is considered to be a subsection of the ongoing mentoring program for ethical decision making. This program helps in preventing misconduct at workplace. For effective execution, this program requires continuous compliance monitoring along with constant reports to the top management. Code of ethics is a writtenRead MoreThe Principles Of The Code Of Ethics Of A Company1143 Words   |  5 Pagesable to select and justify their top three business principles after teaching them the seven principles of the code of ethics of a company. Students will be able to individually explain the direct relationship that exists between a code of ethics and how it plays out with social responsibility. Students will understand and therefore recall specific principles they would like their company to use when they become entrepreneurs. Expectations: The audience will participate in discussions with enthusiasmRead MoreCode of Ethics for a Fictional Company1466 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Code of Ethics for Fictional Company I. Objective The objective of this study is to create a code of ethics for a fictional company. Included will be Guiding Principles and a stated Purpose of the Code along with Core Values, Training and Education, Definitions, the employees that are covered under this code of ethics, how it will be implemented and communicated as well as enforced and reported. II. Introduction The fictional company in this study is a home health care agency that sends outRead MoreCompany X Code Of Ethics1156 Words   |  5 PagesCompany X Code of Ethics Purpose The Code of Ethics is to be used as a guide of the company values. This information will inform employees about the core values of Company X, along with an understanding of why having a commitment to the ethical conduct is a necessity. Standards and Procedures Standards of ethical behavior apply to every employee of Company X. This will guide Company Xs’ employees to make ethical decisions. 1. Follow HIPPA Privacy Rules HIPAA Privacy Rules are established standardsRead MoreThe Company s Code Of Ethics1145 Words   |  5 Pages2 INTRODUCTION Jim Goodnight is the CEO of SAS and has lead the company since 1976.Jim has brought innovations and corporate culture by his commitment and visions to meet the highest technology and work-balanced. SAS which stand for â€Å"Statistical Analysis System† have values and work on them to meet the highest standards and overcome boundaries to reach the future with great expertise and tangible results. In fact, SAS are committed to the highest ethical standards in its dealings with colleaguesRead MoreEth 316 Company Code of Ethics1035 Words   |  5 PagesCompany Code of Ethics Company Code of Ethics Wal-Mart was started over fifty years ago in Arkansas and within those fifty years has emerged into the largest retailer in the world. Wal-Mart operates in many countries with thousands of stores and millions of employees. One reason for Wal-Mart’s is the value and hard work they put into upholding their code of ethics. Wal-Mart has three basic beliefs – respect for the individual, service to their customers, and striving for excellence. Of theRead MoreCode of Ethics Conduct Coca-Cola Company3157 Words   |  13 PagesEnvironment Code of Ethics Conduct Coca-Cola Company Richard Bonds Dr. J. A. Anderson, Sr. Date May, 31 2014 Abstract Coca-Cola Company or Coke s the largest distributor of soft drinks in the world. Businesses such as Coke and other corporations set a strict code of ethics laws to live by and operate upon. This paper will illustrate the code of ethics of Coke the industry leaders and two of its partners/competitors PepsiCo and Dr. Pepper/Snapple Co. and the similarities of their ethics codeRead MoreEssay on Est1 Code of Ethics Company G1303 Words   |  6 PagesGiven Company| Ethics Program| | Patti BowenWestern Governors University| | Given Company Ethics Program A. INTRODUCTION Our Code of Ethics Program is designed to uphold the interests of every stakeholder of Given Company. Our mission is to uphold a high level of integrity by maintaining high company standards, values and principles to ensure the company meets its mission of being a good corporate citizen who is socially responsible. Our program provides effective guidance for dailyRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics : The Star Financial And Tax Solutions Company Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction A Code of Ethics is placed to act as a guideline to specific values, ethics, organization objectives, and the responsibilities of the specific organization. The code of ethics acts a guideline and template for the behavior for both internal employees and also towards employees externally. Being the cornerstone of operations, The Star Financial and Tax Solutions Company operations are guided by the following Code of Ethics: 1. Legal Compliance-the employees should adhere to the rule ofRead MoreEstablishing a Code of Ethics: Planning Implementation and Evaluation Strategies within a Company1472 Words   |  6 Pagesestablishing a code of ethics, its planning, and implementation and evaluation strategies within a company. After brainstorming about the ethical values for the company it will be easier for the company to support non-profit organization as much as possible. A-Develop an appropriate standards and procedures section, such as a code of ethics. This Code of ethics is supported by the following essential assumptions: For the purpose of achieving the objectives of the companies, ethics are very important

Louise Vuitton Free Essays

Louis Vuitton — one of the oldest fashionable houses of Europe. Its history began in the middle of the XIX century, in 1854. Today, as well as 150 years ago, goods from Louis Vuitton are still made manually. We will write a custom essay sample on Louise Vuitton or any similar topic only for you Order Now With unmistakably recognizable monogram of â€Å"LV† on the logo, Louis Vuitton it is recognized as one of the most prestigious brands in the world. â€Å"Louis Vuitton is one of the world’s leading international fashion houses; it sells its products through standalone boutiques, lease departments in high-end department stores, and through the e-commerce section of its website. Louis Vuitton commonly referred to as Louis Vuitton or shortened to LV, is a French fashion house founded in 1854 by Louis Vuitton. † (louisvuitton, 2011). Environment can be defined as, the amalgamation of external physical circumstances that impinge and influence the augmentation, development and survival of creation. Therefore, the business environment would define as same, all the factors internal and external that affects its profitability and growth. It is very important for the business leader to carry out business environmental analysis to understand their business topography at present time. To evaluate suitable context of the organisations operations in terms of the internal environment it is best to use SWOT analysis of Louis Vuitton. First of all let is start from strengths. Louise Vuitton is not only one of the oldest, but one of the most legendary houses of fashion in the world. The most valuable argument for the strength of this company is exclusivity. Since the 19th century, manufacture of Louis Vuitton goods has not changed. â€Å"Luggage is still made by hand, utilize the signature brown Damier and Monogan Canvas materials, both of which were first used in late 19th century.† (lvmh, 2012). Also, the company markets it is product though it is own stores located throughout the world, which allows it to control product quality and pricing. â€Å"Louis Vuitton commands a strong brand identity and image in the world’s leading financial hubs such as China, Japan and Hong Kong, which incidentally also has the highest concentrations of high net worth individuals, with loyal customers in Europe and the United States. † (louisvuittonbrand, 2013). Secondly let is identify weaknesses of Louise Vuitton. Limited costumer base is the one of the weaknesses of this company. Only the elite and rich who want to make a statement and want to be distinctive from others can afford Louise Vuitton. Also, it does not have any discount sale on it is products, which means that the company reducing the chances of attracting customers who can afford more economical products. â€Å"LV has not had a sale in 154 years. Louis Vuitton prohibits bargain sales. A core of Louis Vuitton’s pricing strategy is to sell the products to all of its customers at the same price no matter the location.â€Å" (Kraemer, 2012). Thirdly, let is think about opportunities. To meet contemporary tastes and styles of it is elite consumers, Louise Vuitton revamping its image from time to time. â€Å"The fashion industry is a pretty dynamic one which changes rapidly over the seasons. Louis Vuitton has the ability to revamp its image from time to time to meet contemporary tastes, styles and preferences of its customers. † (louisvuittonbrand, 2013). Moreover, Louise Vuitton leverages its strong brand equity to product – fashion, accessories, shoes, timepieces, and architecture. And with its continuous innovation and support to different managerial, environmental, and more crucially societal and humanitarian issues and concerns (e. g. corporate sponsorship to support culture, youth and humanitarian action), Louis Vuitton can gain more customer loyalty, which will help give them a greater competitive advantage against rival brands. â€Å"While the brand is one of the leading names in the luxury industry, Louis Vuitton maintains a strong desire to continue its innovation with high quality raw materials, tamper-proof locks, optimised production processes, and soon a dedicated leather goods hub in Angers, France.† (Quark, 2013). Now let is talk about threats of the company. Louise Vuitton is one of the most counterfeited brands in fashion world due to its image as a status symbol – imitation of quality, expertise and innovation – sued Britney Spears, Darfur Charity infringing LV’s intellectual property rights. Also it is has luxury and strong competitors such as Christian Dior, Chanel, Gucci, Prada etc. And one more thing is animal right group. Campaigners staged a noisy protest outside a Louise Vuitton store on Paris famed Champs Elysees avenue in 2006 for using real fur in decoration and  accessories. â€Å"With the advent of environmental protection and considerations in business, the number of groups protesting against the use of animal skins on fashion and leather goods† (louisvuittonbrand, 2011). External business environment represent the uncontrollable factors, the external factors can be analysed using PEST analysis. It will cover political, economical, social and technological factors. Political Louis Vuitton has slashed the rate of new store openings to two a year on average, down from 10-15. Its extensive network of 460 shops stretches to Mongolia and Kazakhstan. Higher sales going through fewer stores should boost the profitability of each store. Economical Economical situation, inflation, interest rate and strengths of consumer spending. It will directly affect the Louise Vuitton and its profit, if economical situation is bad consumer will spend less â€Å"Fewer new store openings will also free up cash, which could potentially be returned to shareholders† (Daneshkhu, 2013) Social Louise Vuitton is wealthiest and renowned member of society Technological The new opportunities to expand on the Internet though online sales and now even sales by smartphones â€Å"Today, the Louis Vuitton app includes three document types: PDFs, interactive publications (with video, slideshows, Web sites, specific read modes) and videos. It consists of a kiosk, which is used to navi- gate through the Quark Publishing Platform tree structure to select and download the desired publications before viewing them on the iPad. The app also includes a library for previously downloaded documents (which can be read in off-line mode). † (Quark, 2013) Now this essay will give brief recommendations for Louise Vuitton for the next years. Let is start from short-term recommendations. First of all, to make Louise Vuitton more appealing to the consumer, some products of the brand can be made available only in small quantities, by limiting its production of certain products from time to time, or producing special  edition of the some handbag in different markets, Louise Vuitton could become even more premium. Hence, this can satisfy the consumer, who wants to differentiate themselves from other Louise Vuitton users. Louise Vuitton could even create a trend for collection of limited edition Louise Vuitton products. Also, Louise Vuitton can open to franchising with high end malls around the world. Long term recommendations are about to be more distinctive from the competition, Louise Vuitton may consider concentrating its business model to production of leather goods only. If Louise Vuitton could concentrate on leather goods production alone, it could become not just the leader, but also the specialist of producing different leather goods. Also, by offering more economic lines to the consumer, Sub brands will help to fight counterfeiting and broaden their consumer base In conculion, as Louis Vuitton continues to build on its strong history, add to its portfolio, and show continued growth, now is a strategic time to invest as stock and value continue to rise. â€Å"The company’s maturity and proven stability make it attractive and investors can rest assured that there would be a low level of volatility in their investment. †(Nebia, 2012) Investors can also be comfortable with the fact that this is not exactly a â€Å"widows and orphans† stock, Louise Vuitton has had continuous expansions by acquiring other well know luxury goods companies and continues to make substantial investments. This has helped to further differentiate sources of revenue and gain more consumers. The company’s innovation in the sector and well-established culture make it standout investment. How to cite Louise Vuitton, Papers

Coordinate WSH Management System with Legal Compliance Essay Example For Students

Coordinate WSH Management System with Legal Compliance Essay Coordinate WSH Management System with Legal Conformity Contented Page: S/No: Subjects Page Number Describe the work background of your organisation. 3 1 Explain the WSH functions, duties and governments for any four ( 4 ) of employees that should be defined in the WSH Management System. 5 2 Identify at least three ( 3 ) stakeholders relevant to the chosen work and explicate how the WSH functions, duty and governments would be communicated to the stakeholders. 8 3 Describe three WSH direction system in used in workplace and explicate any five ( 5 ) elemaents of theWSHdirection system in item and how your organisation implement it. 8 4 Identify resources required for the execution of WSH direction. 9 5 By agencies of a flow confab, explicate howYou coordinate and document a direction reappraisal on WSH Management System and lllustrate types of record to be documented for Management reappraisal 10 6 Prepare all legal registry for your workplace 13 7 Explain how your workplace process for look intoing organisational conformity with applicable WSH legal and other demand. 14 8 List of Communication channels at your workplace to make out to Stakeholders, 15 9 Explain how youCoordinateconformity audit for yourworkplace 15 Background of My organisation GREATLAND ( S ) ENGINEERING PTE, LTD. Company PROFILE _______________________________________________________________________________________ GREATLAND ( S ) ENGINEERING PTE, LTD work with main-con SK Engineering A ; building In the Company was prequalified by the Land Transport Authority ( LTA ) of Singapore to set about all major mass theodolite rail ( MRT ) system developments with unrevealed contract value. Within half a twelvemonth, the Company has been awarded MRT contracts with entire value transcending 350Million Singapore Dollars by LTA. The company is besides presently in the phase of take parting in new and approaching stamps for MRT undertakingsEast-West overseas telegram tunnel by LTA in Singapore. We boast a tradition of incorporate undertaking Company and proficient expertness in the railroad building industry. Our alone blend of corporate civilization, sound concern schemes, experience, strong fiscal position and progress engineering contributes to first-class consequences and the dynamism of the Company. confidently offers the most cost-efficient and efficient built-in design and building solutions to all our clients. Undertaking name: East-West overseas telegram tunnel Undertaking name: East-West overseas telegram tunnel and undertaking value 350 million dollars. Get downing on December 2012 and complition on December 2016. 1 ) Explain the WSH functions, duties and governments for any four ( 4 ) of employees that should be defined in the WSH Management System. ( I ) Undertaking Manager / Senior Deputy Project Manager To Chair the Project Safety, Health and Environment ( SHE ) commission To take, execute and implement the SHEMS ( SHE Management System ) To implement Company’s corporate safety plans and processs To guarantee the proviso of safe and healthy working environment for all staff To guarantee that all statutory demand, codifications of pattern and company’s safety regulations and ordinances are complied with To supervise public presentation of sub-contractors and guarantee that they comply with legal demands and safety criterions To reexamine safety issues and recommendations for betterment on safety To develop and keep close affair and regular communicating with relevant statutory governments To carry on regular review and audit on the safety commissariats on site To set up and keep a positive safety clime on the undertaking site To guarantee the WSH Committee carries out probes A ; recommendations for any incident, accident, near girl or unsafe happening A ; that such actions are recorded ( two ) WSHMilitary officer Outline1 i‚ · Assist in the execution of the site’s workplace safety and wellness A ; environmental programmes2 i‚ · Assist in placing and measuring any foreseeable hazard originating from the workplace or work procedures therein3 i‚ · To supervise public presentation of sub-contractors A ; guarantee their conformity with legal demands A ; safety criterions4 i‚ · To update direction on new A ; alterations in legal demands associating to workplace safety and wellness5 i‚ · Organise safety programme and activities to advance safe behavior of workers6 i‚ · To look into all incidents/accidents or unsafe happenings A ; urge means to forestall returns7 i‚ · Report and liaise with the direction, relevant governments on review, audit and other safety, wellness and environment issues8 i‚ · Serve as the secretary in the site WSH commission9 i‚ ·Conduct day-to-day review and act on insecure Acts of the Apostless and conditions10 i‚ ·Train and proctor workers safe work patterns11 i‚ ·Maintain and proctor safety records and checklist12 i‚ ·To help in the probe of accidents/incident/dangerous happenings A ; urge remedial actions, if necessary13 i‚ ·Monitor the behavior of day-to-day toolbox meetings and Job Safety Analysis briefings14 i‚ ·Act as adjunct secretary of the site WSH commission The Myth Of Sysiphus Essay Five ( 5 ) Elementss of theWSH direction system Risk Assessment /Hazards analysis Safe work patterns Safety publicity Safety inspctions Emergency readiness 4 ) Identify resources required for the execution of WSH direction. Resources required for execution of WSH direction may include ; Human resources ( work force ) Fiscal resources Equipment and tools allotment Space allotment Specialised accomplishments Scheduling of execution 5 ) By agencies of a flow confab, explicate how You coordinate and document a direction reappraisal on WSH Management System and exemplify types of record to be documented for Management reappraisal Management meeting– during the meeting, all the relevant stakeholders will be issued a transcript of the WSH direction system for reappraisal. Pre start meeting– during the pre start meeting, the WSH personnal would show the slides on the several elements of the WSH Management System to all the stakeholders involved. Safety initiation class– during the SIC, all stakeholders would be briefed on the execution of the WSH Management System on site. Toolbox Meeting Record: 6 ) Prepare all legal registry for your workplace S/No Title of Act /Regulation Application ( Location ) Application ( Process/ Activity ) 01 WSH act Entire mill Entire mill Operationss 02 WSH ( noise ) ordinance Production floor and workshop Use of stamping, Grinding and cutting procedures 03 WSH ( confined infinite ) ordinance AHU room, workshop Spray painting within workshop 04 Radiation protection act workshop NDT in workshop 05 Code of pattern for working at tallness Production floor, AHU room, workshop Assorted processes/ activities 06 Code of pattern for scaffolds 1996 Production floor, AHU room, work store Assorted processes/ activities 07 WSH ( General proviso ) Regulation Entire mill Entire mill Operationss S/No Title of Act /Regulation Application ( Location ) Application ( Process/ Activity ) 08 WSH ( Risk direction ) Regulation Entire mill Entire mill Operationss 09 WSH ( First Aid ) Regulation Entire mill Entire mill Operationss 10 Fire safety act and its subordinate statute law Entire mill Entire mill Operationss 11 The environmental pollution control ordinances Work store Use of methylbenzene spray picture 12 WSH ( operation of Crane ) Regulation Production floor and burden bay Use of overhead Crane 13 Code of pattern for hazard direction Entire mill Entire mill Operationss 14 SS548 codification of pattern for choice, usage, and care of respiratory protective devices Work store Use of methylbenzene spray picture 15 SS510 codification of pattern for safety in welding and film editing ( and other operations affecting the usage of heat ) Work store Minor fiction work 7 ) Explain how your workplace process for look intoing organisational conformity with applicable WSH legal and other demand. Organization should document and keep records of safety preparation provided for all on the job forces in the administration. Training records may include ; Forces who are provided with preparation. These include employees every bit good as bomber – contractor’s employees. Duration of preparation Agenda of developing including day of the month and clip of preparation, subjects, trainers and inside informations of appraisals. Sequence of developing includes the order in which preparation content, activities and how appraisal is conducted. Type of developing include accomplishments based, knowledge based and mark of developing whether for workers, supervisor or directors. Trainer’s specifics including their competence and experience in the preparation subjects 8 ) List of Communication channels at your workplace to make out to Stakeholders Communication channels Toolbox meeting WSH commission meeting Work advancement meeting Management meeting Technical meeting WSH preparation WSH Inspection Repots Feedback Electronic mail Safety posting Newsletters Telephone calls. 9 ) Explain how you Coordinate conformity audit for your workplace †¢ Arranging the agenda e.g. day of the month of audit, continuance of audit, start clip of the audit, works to carry on the audit and range of the audit. †¢ Prosecuting a competent hearer e.g adviser or Auditing Agencies. †¢ Conducting the meeting e.g. opening the meeting, discourse the audit programme with the debut of hearer and auditees, familiarization circuit at the site procedure and site use program, confirmation of effectual execution SHMS affecting reviewing of paperss, processs and records, interviewing of forces and phyisical review, rating of audits findings and go out the meeting.

Affirmative Action Essays (3214 words) - Law, Politics,

Affirmative Action Although many people believe that affirmative Action is a form of racism, it is actually used to help minorities find employment in an otherwise racist world. In the United States, equality is a recurring theme. It has flared into a fervent moral issue at crucial stages of American history: The revolutionary and Jacksonian Period, and the New Deal. In each era, the legitimacy of American society is challenged by some set of people unhappy with the degree of equality (Verba and Orren). Following the Civil War, Congress passed a number of laws designed to put former slaves on an equal level with white people. The Fourteenth Amendment made the freedmen citizen and prohibited states from enforcing any law which took away the privliges of any citizen, depriving men of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law, or denied men equal protection of the laws. In 1875, Republican majority in Congress, aware that reconstruction would soon end, passed a civil right act to secure by law semblance of equality for Black Americans (Urofsky 19). Many white Americans really did not like the idea of equality for the Black Freedmen. Gideon Welles, who had been prevailing sentiment when he wrote in 1871: Thank God slavery is abolished, but the Negro is not, and never can be the equal of the white man. He is of an inferior race and must always remain so(Urofsky 23). The supreme court agreed and in 1883 passed the Civil Rights act which diluted much of the protection of th e Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Joseph Bradely interpreted the enforcement provision of the amendment as strictly remedial; congress has the power to remedy a discriminatory state law, but could not take affirmative steps to protect blacks from other forms of prejudice (Urofsky 21). As a result of this decision, the federal government took no action to combat racism in the country until the second world war (Urofsky 22). Because resentment continued to increase within the black communities and because of the threat of a march on Washington, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order on June 25, 1941. This order directed African Americans to be accepted into job-training programs in defense plants. The order also stated that discrimination would not be excepted by employers holding defense contracts. It also set up a fair employment practice commissions to investigate charges of racial discrimination. Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower continued to enforce fair employment legislation after Roosevelts policies because Congress was unwilling to do so. In 1954, the supreme court decision Brown v. Board of Education pressured both houses of Congress and the executive office to take some positive steps on behalf of civil rights. In January 1961, John F. Kennedy took office. Almost immediately Roy Wilkins of the NAACP called for action to promote employment opportunities for African Americans. John F. Kennedy responded with executive order 10925, which created a presidential commission on equal employment opportunity; it also mandated federal contractors to take Affirmative Action to ensure that there would be no discrimination by race, creed, color or nationality. This was not the first time that the government ordered it own contractors not only to avoid discrimination, but to take positive steps to redress the effects of discrimination in society. In some cases contractors were asked to pay employees doing similar work, the same amount of pay. Without congressional action an executive order could only last so long, and in 1963 Kennedy secured passage of the Equal Pay Act. The Equal Pay Act prohibited employers from paying women less than men for the same work. A short time later due to the assassination of kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson called for the passage of the Civil Rights Bill as a memorial to the late president kennedy. Lyndon B. Johnson skillfully guided and expanded versions of kennedys proposal through the house and senate. The Civil Rights Act was signed into law July 2, 1964. Title VII of the act banned employment discrimination based on race, color, sex, and nationality, it also created a permanent equal employment opportunity commission to enforce its provisions. The act also for the first time included obligations not to discriminate to private employees, labor unions, and governmental agencies.(Urofsky

The Pearl by John Steinbeck Essays

The Pearl by John Steinbeck Essays The Pearl by John Steinbeck Paper The Pearl by John Steinbeck Paper Essay Topic: The Pearl 1. What kind of people do you think Kino and his wife are? First of all, Kino and his family seem to be poor people because we can see in the text that they have a quite bad standard of living: they live in a brush house, the baby sleeps in a hanging box, there ants in the house, they are not protected from wild and dangerous animal as the scorpion which stung Coyotito, they do not have enough money to get a treatment for the baby We can also notice that Kino and his family are Indians. Indeed the doctor call them like this and the author himself speak about the Kinos race but without saying which one it is. It seems to be different races where Kino lives. Another indication which makes us think that they are from another culture is when Juana is summoning magic when the baby is stung. 2. What ideas do you get about them living in a brush house near a tuna clump? Once again, it gives us the impression that they live in a poor place. Indeed the brush house suggests that they might have built their house themselves. It says in the first page: he looked first at the lightening square which was the door. This shows us that there is no door in Kinos house or that that the light can pass through it. 3. What can we conclude from what weve learnt so far? Basically, we learnt that Kino and his family seem to be quite poor living in a slum in a kind of shanty town aside from the real town. We do not know exactly what they do for living but they seem to have a simple and monotone life which does not enable them to provide themselves basic essentials such as paying a doctor for their baby for example. 4. Soundless, internal songs are important to Kino. What do you think that might tell us about him? Internal songs are maybe important to Kino because these animate a little bit his monotonous life: these help him to not be bored by the routine of his life. We learn that these songs are old songs and each of them represents the different feelings that Kino could have. Indeed when he wakes up and sees his wife doing the daily preparation, he heard the Song of Family and when he is enraged when he goes to the doctor, there are other songs in his head which correspond with this feeling. These songs tell us about Kino that he is a quiet man and he must be quite sensitive too if he can feels his emotions so much that he hear songs which correspond with each feeling. 5. How these differ from your family morning routines? First Juana wait that her husband wakes up, then she wake up her son. After this she prepares the breakfast for Kino, takes care of the house then she can take her breakfast. In primitive society, women prepare the meal for the husband because he needs to work, then they must take care of the children and the home and finally take care of themselves meanwhile in our modern society, tasks and jobs are shared between men and women. 6. How would you describe Kinos attitude to the life around him? Kino is young and strong which explains that he is a pearl diver. We can also say that he is dark skinned (the brown forehead). Kino also has a warm, fierce and bright gaze. He seems to like his life even if he is not very demonstrative: the Song of the Family shows that he is a family man and even if he is not rich, he has all basics essentials. 7. Does this seem a calm and happy family? Yes it seems to be a happy family because Kino and Juana love each other and they have a son that they love too. Once again the Song of the Family can prove to us that it is a peaceful and happy family. 8. Kino and Juana dont speak to each other much but the author says this isnt a sign of discontent. Does silence between two people usually indicate happiness or unhappiness, in your experience? In my opinion, conversation and communication between two people depend on the characters of the two people. Sometimes the fact that people dont speak together might mean that do not like each other but it can also be a sign of harmony between the to people and therefore do they do not have to talk or to argue. This is the case of Kino and Juana. Kino notices about his wife that she does not look strong. Indeed shes dependant and she is inferior to her husband, she is extremely patient and she has an iron will. We see that she can also take initiatives far example when she says get the doctor. She looks weak and fragile but psychologically, she is as strong as Kino. The changes in the way of living. There obviously no slums in Brussels and certainly no brush houses but there are of course, like in all big cities, rich areas and not so-rich-areas. For example the way of living in Uccle is very different from that of, for example, Scharbeek. 9. The beggars know about the doctor. What do they know about him and how have they found this out? The beggars were always watching and listening and therefore learnt a lot of people in the town. They knew the doctor, the fact that he was ignorant, liked money and carried out abortions, sometimes not very successfully. 10. When they arrive at the doctors door, Kino hesitates. What feelings sweep over him and why does he feel this way? He feels fear and anger obviously provoked by the fact that people of the doctors race considered people of Kinos race as animals, especially at that time (when Steinbeck wrote The Pearl). Fear because he was afraid that the doctor would turn him away and anger because it was not just. His anger manifested itself when he hit the iron gate so hard that he injured his hand after they were told to go away. By saying: I am a doctor, not a veterinary, the doctor obviously meant that these Indians who had come asking for help were nothing more than animals maybe because he is only racist or maybe because he really thought Indians were animals.

Financial Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Statement - Essay Example They are found in the Asset part of the balance sheet. These equipment purchases are regarded as long-term and are documented for many years (Kieso, Weygandt & Warfield, 2014). The financing activities on the other hand refer to the cash flow that is affected by the decreases or increases to equity. It simply means the quantity of cash flow affected by securing a loan or by paying down debt from a lending institution or an owner. Such activities are in the Equity and liability section of the balance sheet. Here, decreases and increases can be a bit deceiving if viewed at a bad or good perspective. This is the most important activity of the cash flow as it keeps the business going and informs the executive on what should be done on avoided for the continuity of the business. Disclosures to financial statements are vital as lenders use a variety of them from a private initiative statement when they need to determine whether the entity ought to get a loan; distinctive financial statements basing on the new overall accepted Accounting Standards for Private Enterprises (ASPE) may possibly meet those requirements. However, as financial statements are prepared for private enterprises, they must be in a way that they maintain the confidence and trust of lenders, thus additional disclosures may be advantageous in getting financing (Benjamin & Stanga,

Financial Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Statement - Essay Example They are found in the Asset part of the balance sheet. These equipment purchases are regarded as long-term and are documented for many years (Kieso, Weygandt & Warfield, 2014). The financing activities on the other hand refer to the cash flow that is affected by the decreases or increases to equity. It simply means the quantity of cash flow affected by securing a loan or by paying down debt from a lending institution or an owner. Such activities are in the Equity and liability section of the balance sheet. Here, decreases and increases can be a bit deceiving if viewed at a bad or good perspective. This is the most important activity of the cash flow as it keeps the business going and informs the executive on what should be done on avoided for the continuity of the business. Disclosures to financial statements are vital as lenders use a variety of them from a private initiative statement when they need to determine whether the entity ought to get a loan; distinctive financial statements basing on the new overall accepted Accounting Standards for Private Enterprises (ASPE) may possibly meet those requirements. However, as financial statements are prepared for private enterprises, they must be in a way that they maintain the confidence and trust of lenders, thus additional disclosures may be advantageous in getting financing (Benjamin & Stanga,

Financial Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Statement - Essay Example They are found in the Asset part of the balance sheet. These equipment purchases are regarded as long-term and are documented for many years (Kieso, Weygandt & Warfield, 2014). The financing activities on the other hand refer to the cash flow that is affected by the decreases or increases to equity. It simply means the quantity of cash flow affected by securing a loan or by paying down debt from a lending institution or an owner. Such activities are in the Equity and liability section of the balance sheet. Here, decreases and increases can be a bit deceiving if viewed at a bad or good perspective. This is the most important activity of the cash flow as it keeps the business going and informs the executive on what should be done on avoided for the continuity of the business. Disclosures to financial statements are vital as lenders use a variety of them from a private initiative statement when they need to determine whether the entity ought to get a loan; distinctive financial statements basing on the new overall accepted Accounting Standards for Private Enterprises (ASPE) may possibly meet those requirements. However, as financial statements are prepared for private enterprises, they must be in a way that they maintain the confidence and trust of lenders, thus additional disclosures may be advantageous in getting financing (Benjamin & Stanga,

Strategic management of MC DONALD and how they maintain their succeses Essay

Strategic management of MC DONALD and how they maintain their succeses over the years - Essay Example There are few challenges and problems that the company faces which would be discussed in this study. The biggest challenge for McDonalds is to overcome the increase in competition, maintain its quality and keep a strict check and balance on the customer satisfaction as the company has more than half of the business depends on franchising. In the SWOT analysis of the company it has been found out that McDonalds occupies a very strong position in the market. Special attention paid to hiring potential staff has been a key to its success. As we know in the food and hospitality industry the major role is to be played by the internal customers (that are employees) as they will be the source of satisfaction for the external customers (the real customers). So keeping the internal customers satisfied and properly training them is what McDonalds has been doing. This has been a key success factor for the company. The concept of franchising has also been fruitful for the company as it generates 60 percent of its sales through franchising (Gallagher, 2008). McDonalds focuses on five main things that are its drivers for success namely people, product, price, place and promotion. PESTLE Analysis Following is the Pestle Framework application to McDonalds. PESTLE framework includes the political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal factors that relate to McDonalds. Political Factors While McDonalds plans to expand its business it has to keep a lot of political factors in mind like the taxation and licensing issues (Ghemawat, 1991). During international expansion the analysis of the political situation of the other country happens to be of critical importance. Economical Factors Economic factors are of concern to McDonalds, because they are likely to influence demand, costs, prices and profits. Amongst the economic factors the high unemployment levels are one the most influential factors as it reduces the demand for a lot of goods and also the food industr y. Inflation is one other thing that has impacted almost every business in the world and so is the case with the food industry. The economic factors mentioned above are mostly beyond the company’s control but at the same time their effects related to the marketing mix and performance can be reflective. Social Factors The awareness of the health issues is increasing amongst the consumers' day by day and the attitudes they hold towards food is continually changing. The quality that McDonalds has provided to its customers over these years has helped the company earn a good repute and thus a strong position in the society (Schlosser, 2008). Technological Factors New technologies profit company and the customers both. The adoption of the new technology by the company and always keeping everything updated has helped the company in attaining this strong market position (Vignali, 2001). Upgrading of its equipments and the machinery used have also served as a source of satisfaction fo r the internal and external customers both. Environmental Factors McDonalds has always focused on healthy and clean environment and this has helped the company in winning the trust of the customers. Legal Factors The policies of government in order to control monopoly and the reduction of power of buyers can lead to putting a limit to entry in this sector by putting controls such as license requirements and limitation to access the

Spatial-temporal Analysis of Land Market in Urban Fringe

Spatial-temporal Analysis of Land Market in Urban Fringe 1. Research context There is a widespread deem that urbanisation is the outcome of the configuration of modern human society. The 19th century, which assumed to be the era of modernization all over the world, has experienced rapid urbanisation. For instance, urban population has increased from less than 14 percent to more than 50 percent of the worlds population during 1900-2000 and if this growth continues, urban population in the world will arrive at 4.72 -5.00 billion in 2030 (increase of 48.61-57.84 percent comparing to the current population) comparing to 6.835-8.135 billion (18.71 percent) increase in total population and 3.348-3.267 billion (2.42 percent) decrease in rural population. Nevertheless, the devastating situation will be at the developing countries, where the urban population growth is forecasted to be 74.17 percent in 2030 comparing to the current population (Zhang, 2008). Interestingly, maximum of this urban population agglomeration is in largest cities, especially megaciites (Li, 20 03) and these megacities are growing at an unprecedented rate. For example, in 1950 there were only 4 megacities, which increase to 28 in 1980, 39 in 2002; and 59 in 2015 (UN 2002). Then the question arises which criteria define the megacities. Some urban geographers tried to define the megacities based on the global economic power or influence. With the exception of Lo and Yeungs (1998) ‘Globalization and the World of Large Cities, which includes Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Cairo and Johannesburg, and more recently systematic work by Taylor (2000), Lo and Marcotullio (2000), Taylor and Walker (2001) and Shin and Timberlake (2000) much of these works (Friedmann, 1986; Sassen, 2004) have either focused on the developed world or merely mentioned ‘megacities in the developing world (Yulong and Hamnett, 2002). However, an extensive debate has still been going on the definition of megacities. United Nations categorize the megacities with population of 8 millions while Asian Development Bank extends the population limit to 10 million along with other characteristics such as complex economy and integrated transport system. Thus, discussion takes into account the ‘population greater than 10 millions as an indicator of megacities. According to the World Population Report 2001 by UNFPA, currently there are 19 megacities such as Tokyo (26.4 millions), Mexico City (18.1 millions), Mumbai (18.1 millions), Sà £o Paulo (17.8 millions), Shanghai (17 millions), New York (16.6 millions), Lagos (13.4 millions), Los Angeles (13.1 millions), Calcutta (12.9 millions), Buenos Aires (12.6 millions), Dhaka (12.3 millions), Karachi (11.8 millions), New Delhi (11.7 millions), Jakarta (11 millions), Osaka (11 millions), Metro Manila (10.9 millions), Beijing (10.6 millions), Reo de Janeiro (10.6 millions) and Cairo (10.6 millions). Still there is a controversy about the geographical extent of these megacities. Even some of these megacities are growing on forming the urban corridors (Tokyo-Yokohama-Nagoya-Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto Shinkansen in Japan, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan in northeastern China; and the Mumbai-Pune development corridor in India) and urban mega-clusters (national capital Region of Delhi, Dhaka, and Metro Manila; Karachi mega-urban region, Bangkok-Thonburi metropolitan region, and Jakarta-Bogor-Tangerang-Bekasi region). This continuing growth of megacities is now the burning research topic of the policy makers as well as international communities (Renaud, 1981; UN, 1993) and different policies are already been applied to counterpart this rapid urbanisations in megacities such as China, Egypt, Brazil, Korea, Mexico, and China have promoted different promotional programs (e.g. dual track urban system) for patronizing the medium size cities in their respective country level (Henderson, 2002; Ades and Glaeser, 1995). Still a comprehensive strategy needs to be initiated in order to counterpart the unprecedented rate of urbanisation and urban agglomeration. 2. Overall aim and objectives The overall aim of the thesis is to determine the economic value of land at the urban fringe of a megacity in developing country. Based on the aim, the objectives are categorised into two broad areas theoretical objectives and empirical objectives. Theoretical objectives To examine the extent of influence of urbanisation process, and land acquisition and speculation, by both the public and private sectors, on the dynamics of urban agglomeration or urban sprawl. To examine the changing urban spatial patterns of the megacites due to sprawl and to explain them within the framework of different urban growth theories. To examine the nature, characteristics, and dynamics of urban land and the land market within which land assembles, urban renewal, gentrification and development has taken place. To identify different spatio-temporal econometric methods for determining land price. Empirical objectives To develop an economic instrument, considering both spatial and temporal aspects of land, for understanding the dynamics of the land price at urban fringe of a megacity in developing country To determine the extent of influence of environmental attributes on the price of urban-rural interface lands. 3. Methodology In order to attain the objectives, the research will be carried out by following the comprehensive methodology, the structure of which is given below: The detail of the methodology and structure of the chapters to attain the objectives is given below: Objectives Methodology Organizati-on of chapters Objective 1: Definition of urbanisation and urban agglomeration; reasons; challenges; trend of urbanisation in developed and developing countries; growth pattern of different hierarchy of urban settlements; socio-economic, political and physical characteristics of urban settlements; economic, institutional, and political factors of rural-urban migration; government policies and urban politics in the context of urbanisation and urban agglomeration; concept, nature, characteristics and dynamics of megacities; spatial pattern of megacities; cases and consequences of rapid urbanisation and urban space challenges especially in megacities. Literature review of journal, books and reports of different organisations working on urbanisation and urban agglomeration Chapter 2 Objective 2: Urban land economic theories (such as classical theories, neo-classical theories, new economic geographic theories, and new institutional economic theories) in the context of urbanisation and urban agglomeration Literature review of journal and books Chapter 3 Objective 3: Dynamics of urban land market, urban land politics, actors of urban land politics, contemporary urban land regulatory mechanisms and their acceptability in different contexts, planning mechanisms for controlling land conversion or development at the urban fringe, land acquisition process, government strategy for land ceiling standard and land speculation, actors controlling the land market, impact of land use change on the wetlands and agricultural lands at urban fringe and challenges for attaining sustainability. Literature review of journal, books, reports of different organisations, and government policies, strategic plans, rules, and regulations. Chapter 4 Objective 4: Different types of spatio-temporal econometric methods for determining the land price at urban fringe Literature review of journal and books. Software for Spatio-temporal autoregressive analysis Chapter 5 Objective 5: variables or attributes explaining land market at urban fringe, compatible econometric instrument for drawing the equation of land market at urban fring Application of spatio-temporal econometric model for regression analysis Chapter 8 Objective 6: economic valuation of environmental attributes and its influence on the land market at urban fringe 4. Theoretical framework Various factors are attributed to the urbanisation in megacities such as rural-urban migration (Goldstein, 1990; Chan, 1994a,1994b; Rempel, 1996; Ma, 1999), natural population increase and even the government policies (Lo, 1994; Sit, 1995; Lin, 2004; Bloom et al., 2008) on foreign direct investment (Sit and Yang, 1997; Shen, 1999; Shen et al., 2000), expansion of tertiary industries (Lin, 2002) and economic transition (Gu and Wall, 2007). This section explores the reasons behind the urbanisation and urban agglomeration in megacities, and spatial patterns of megacities. Economic development There is a significant positive correlation between the economic development and urbanisation (Henderson, 2003), which can better be explained by the hypothesis of Williamson (1965) (Hansen, 1990). Due to the economic development of the city, the significant amount of industries are concentrated within the city core and this upshots in development of knowledge, skills, and economic infrastructure which leads to development of physical structures such as transport and communications. This physical development make obligatory to the investors or manufacturers to recalculate the cost-benefit analysis of the geographical locations of their industries taking into account the external and internal economies of scale- resulting in urban expansion or deconcentration of industries from the urban core (El-Shakhs, 1972; Alonso, 1980; Wheaton and Shishido, 1981; Junius, 1999; Davis and Henderson, 2003; Barro and Sala-I-Martin, 1991, 1992; Kuznets, 1966; Abramovitz, 1989; Easterlin, 2000). This a rgument is vivid by reviewing different literatures on the economic growth and urbanisation in megacities (Aguilar and Ward, 2003; Firman, 1997; Fanni, 2006). However, the basic assumption of urbanisation is the rural-urban migration. According to the western economists, urbanisation/ rural-urban migration is the resultant of increase in the productivity of agricultural sector and the increasing demand for labour needed by an expanding industrial sector. This economic model was adopted for the western economics, which was later tried to adopt in the urbanisation pattern of the third world countries by Lewis (1994). Nevertheless, the increasing rural-urban migration, despite the high unemployment and underemployment situation in urban areas of developing countries, raises the question of its validity. Later on, comparative evaluation of expected wage rates between urban and rural (by Harris-Todaro migration model), and present value of expected benefits and costs (by Sjaasted migration model) were identified as the key economic factors of urbanisation process. Brueckner and Zenou (1999) and Brueckner and Kim (2001) have incorporate the effe cts of land price escalation due to the migration within the Harris-Todaro model. Furthermore, classical economists (e.g. (Gordon, 1975; Petty, 1683; Yang, 1991; Yang and Rice, 1994; Sun, 2000; Sun and Yang, 2002; Zhang and Zhao, 2004) and neo-classical economists (e.g. Fujita-Krugman, 1995; Helpman, 1998; Lowry, 1966) try to project the ‘division of labor and production, and ‘economies of scale as the basic economic prerequisite of urbanisation respectively. Government policies and urban politics After the economic development, the next significant characteristic of urbanisation in megacities is government interventions or policies (Renaud, 1981; Ades and Glaeser, 1995; Moomaw and Shatter, 1996; Henderson and Becker, 2000; Davis and Henderson, 2003) by sometimes prioritizing the megacities over other cities during decisive policymaking (Fujita et al., 1999). This may cause because of their political significance and interest of the elites and bureaucrats (such as in Bangkok, Mexico City, Jakarta, and Paris, Sà £o Paulo). For promoting economic development in the megacities, the government (either national or local) of concerned countries sometime has taken promotion strategies such as in Shanghai, China (Cai, 1995; Han, 2000; Fu, 2001); Jakarta, Indonesia (Firman, 2000; Goldblum and Wong, 2000; Henderson and Kuncoro, 1996; Kaiser, 1999); Manila, Philippines (Kelly, 2003; Bankoff, 1996; Sidel, 1999); Mumbai and Delhi, India (Valerie, 1999); Cairo, Egypt (Sutton and Fahmi, 200 1); and even in London, Paris and New York (Lever, 1997; Short and Kim, 1999; Tickell, 1998).. However, the impact of dynamic government polices on urbanisation and urban agglomeration is most acute in China such as ‘Socialist Economic theory based urban-biased Hukou system during the ‘pre-reform period (Oi, 1993; Naughton, 1996; Zhang and Zhao, 2004; Chan, 1994a, 1996; Gu and Shen, 2003; Sit, 1995; Harrison, 1972; Murphey, 1974; Ma, 1976; Nolan and White, 1984; Prybyla, 1987; Kirkby, 1985; Kang, 1993; Chan, 1994b; Liu, 1999; Ma and Fan, 1994; Buck, 1981; Parish, 1987; Ofer, 1977; Konrad and Szelenyi, 1977; Ronnas and Sjoberg, 1993; Sjoberg, 1999; Kirkby, 1985; Kang, 1993; Chan, 1994b; Solinger, 1999; Lieberthal, 1995; Fallenbuchl, 1977; Zhang and Zhao, 1998; National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2000; Konrad and Szelenyi, 1977; Ofer, 1977, 1980; Musil, 1980; Murray and Szelenyi, 1984), especially in China (Cell, 1979; Orleans, 1982; Whyte, 1983; Ran and Berry, 1989; Ebanks and Cheng, 1990; Yu, 1995; Tang, 1997; Song and Timberlake, 1996; Lin, 1998; Dong and Putt erman, 2000). Later on, ‘post-reform policy also boosted the urbanisation by encouraging the foreign and private investments in megacities (Banister and Taylor, 1989; Shen and Spence, 1995; Shen, 2002; Shen et al., 2006). However, the national or local government is not solely responsible for urbanisation, urban development as well as urban expansion. Then the question is: Who runs the cities? Government interventions or policies in the urban strategic planning for political significance and interest of the elites and bureaucrats are proverbial in the cities of both developed and developing world (Renaud, 1981; Ades and Glaeser, 1995; Moomaw and Shatter, 1996; Henderson and Becker, 2000; Davis and Henderson, 2003). This is why; urban theorists are focusing on urban politics rather than on economic attributes in formulating state policies for urban development (Sites, 1997; Cockburn, 1977; Castells, 1979; Stone, 1993; 1998). Nevertheless, the influence of urban politics in urban planning priorities in different parts of the world is very complicated because urban politics are viewed from different perspectives. State-centred perspective argued for key role of government, autonomy of the state or the lo cal state and pre-eminence of political attributes in strategic planning (Steinmo, 1989; King, 1995; Thornley, 1998; Evans et al., 1985; Gurr and King, 1987), while coalition politics (Stone, 1987, 1989, 1993; Sites, 1997; Elkin, 1987; Harding, 1994; Gurr and King, 1987; Turner, 1992; DiGaetano and Klemanski, 1993; Orren and Skowronek, 1994) argued for public-private partnership for implementing planning strategies because either for the vulnerability of local government in inter-city economic competition or for the division of labour. This is why; various urban theorists (Park and Burgess, 1925; Dahl; 1967; Wirth, 1969; Jacobs; 1969; 1984; Saunders, 1983; Rae, 2004), who tried to entangle urban politics within their own theories, either failed or misinterpret the urban planning practices. The basic controversy of urban politics lies within two distinct definitions of community power (Polsby, 1980; Harding, 1995; Judge, 1995) power within communities and the power of communities (Harding, 1997). The first is concerned with ‘social production and ‘power to while the latter on is with ‘social control and ‘power over (Stone, 1989). ‘Power within communities, also known as ‘urban regime prompts integration or political coalition of civic groups and public institutions (Dowding et al. 1999; Shefter, 1985; Elkin, 1987; Stone and Sanders, 1987; Mollenkopf, 1992; Turner, 1992; Di Gaetano and Klemanski, 1993; Davies 2001, 2003; Stone, 1989, 2002, 2005; Peck and Tickell, 1995) at different levels of intensity and clarity (Stone, 2005) for economic development and physical regeneration or gentrification (Harding, 1997; Elkin, 1987; Stone and Sanders, 1987; Stone, 1989) and urban growth machines (Molotch, 1976, 1990; Logan and Molotch, 1987; Mo lotch and Logan, 1990). On the other hand, ‘power of communities is more concerned about the acting power of the actors rather than coalitions and is defined by elite and pluralist theories. Beyond the community power debate, another significant factor of citys strategic planning is the politics of globalization (Harding, 1997), which strengthens subnational autonomy and declines national importance (Ohmae, 1993). This can be elucidated by evaluating the role of business sectors on the local civic life of US and European cities. For instance, business-sectors of US cities are remarkably organized, who have strong influence on land ownership and land use planning, taxation and revenue distribution, private credit and public borrowing (Stone, 2005), election campaigns of local as well as national political leaders (Elkin, 1987) and resulting in they are within the governing system. Furthermore, the weaker capital investment by local government has persuaded for effective regime (Davis, 2003). Encouraged by the successful history of urban regime in US, Thatcher government took an ambitious initiative to install this US policy within new dimension of urban regeneration partnerships in UK (Berger and Foster, 1982; Boyle, 1985; Ward, 1996; Wolman, 1992) without resolving three questions What will be the role of development coalitions in the city politics as a whole? What types of private-sector act ivities will lead business-sector involvement in the coalitions? How can the activity balance between public and private sector be achieved? (Harding, 1997). Furthermore, some urban scholars attempted to exploit the regime concept in the European contexts (Vicari and Molotch, 1990; Harding, 1994; Kantor et al., 1997; Di Gaetano and Klemanski, 1999; Mossberger and Stoker, 2000; Zhang, 2002). The US policy was not possible to adopt in the UK context because of the powerful role of central government in the urban politics (Thornley, 1998), lack of bargaining power of urban government, reluctance of local business actors in coalitions (Peck and Tickell, 1995; Davis, 2003). This is why; the attempt has been resulted in different collaborative mechanisms, which were explained by different theories such as Rhodes and Marsh (1992) model of policy network analysis by Stoker and Mossberger (1994), integration of regulation and regime theory by Harding (1994) and Lauria (1997). Urban politics in the context of developing countries (e.g. Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, Egypt, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) are almost similar to the politics of UK rather stronger role of national government and local government. Either military government or monarch or autocrats reined most of these countries throughout the major portion of their history after independence and they have a close tie with the business elites and bureaucrats. Eventually, the business elites and bureaucrats are influencing the urban policy agendas behind the scene. Nevertheless, the context of socialist China is quite complicated, which can be categorized within pre-reform era (before 1978) and post-reform era (from 1978 till today). Urban politics during the pre-reform period was solely contracted by the national government. After the reform policy, the national government had decentralize their economic and political powers among the local government and influential actors. H owever, the interesting thing is that ‘a clever fox is hiding inside the reform policy by controlling the property ownership, leaving the economic burden to the local government, strongly linking the vertical tie at the government level. Locational economies of production and class segregation The urbanisation of a city can be a consequence of social division of labour and industrial diversification (Harvey, 1973; Henderson, 2002; Scott, 1986; Weber, 1899; Haig, 1927; Allen, 1929; Perrin, 1937; Florence, 1948; Wise, 1949; Lampard, 1955; Hoover and Vernon, 1959; Hall, 1962; Tsuru, 1963; Sjoberg, 1965; Thiry, 1973; Webber, 1984). This can better be conceptualized by considering vertical and horizontal integration and disintegration of production and labor forces. In case of vertical and horizontal disintegration, the industries or firms try to be concentrated within the core region of a city because various economies of scales (Coase, 1937; Holmes, 1986; Richardson, 1972; Scott, 1983; Pye, 1977) and this was obvious at the earier stage of megacities of developed countries such as New York, London and Paris. On the contrary, when the vertical and horizontal integration of firms or products is strong both in spatial and temporal aspects, geographical expansion of city are more likely to be happened because of internal and external economies of scale (Scott, 1980; Brook et al., 1973; Gilmour, 1971; Abernathy et al., 1983; Piore and Sabel, 1984). Moreover, urbanisation in megacities is dependent on the type of products such as gold and diamond in Rio de Janeiro, coffee in Sà £o Paulo, manufacturing industries in Seoul, tertiary activities in London, Beijing, Shanghai, Tokyo (Duranton and Puga, 2001; Waley, 2009; Mukherjee, 1990; Banerjee, 1985; Glaeser et al., 1995; Lee and Kang, 1989; Lee et al., 2007; Godfrey, 1999). Locational preference Most of the megacities are located at the coastal areas[1] because of their strategic geographical location which offer the advantages of trade, communication, and living environment (Godfrey, 1995; Vance 1990). Presently, 60 percent (nearly 3 billion people) or half of the worlds population lives within 100 km or 60km of the shoreline respectively (Yeung, 2001; Hinrichsen, 1990) and it is estimated that this population will be doubled within the upcoming 30 years among which coastal megacities will contribute the lion share of population (Li, 2003). Furthermore, the number of coastal megacities will be increased to 36 from the existing 16 at the year of 2015 of them 30 will be in developing countries and 22 will be in Asia (Kullenberg, 1999). Sometimes policy makers prepare the economic development plans giving prime focus on the coastal cities (Yeung and Hu, 1992) because it is comparatively less perilous to promote economic development plans in coastal cities because of its good a nd cheap communication and already established structures and physical infrastructures. On the other hand, capital cities get also locational advantages because of the center of institutions, organizations, information and culture such as Beijing (Yulong and Hamnett, 2002), Metro Manila (Cuervo and Hin, 1998), Delhi, Dhaka, and Jakarta. Colonial influence Most of the megacities were under the different European colonies such as British, Spanish, French and Portuguese. Historically, European colonials developed these megacities for their defensive and trade functions. For example, apprehension about French incursions, the Portuguese founded Rio de Janeiro in 1565 (Godfrey, 1999); before Spanish era (1521-1898), Manila was the entry-port of Chinese, Indians and Arabian merchants (Cuervo and Hin, 1998); Bombay, Calcutta and Madras are trade oriented port cities due to British colonial legacy; New York was used as commercial center by the Portuguese colonial. Land speculation and real estate development Land conversion is a normal part of urban development in both developed and developing world (Pierce, 1981; Lockeretz, 1989; Tsai, 1993; Winoto, 1996; Kustiwan, 1997; Yeh and Li, 1999; Grigg, 1995). Nevertheless, land speculation by real estate developers has been observed at an alarming rate in Mexico City, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Jakarta, Metro Manila and megacities of developing countries (Deng, et al., 2008; Arcadis Euroconsult, 1999; Leaf, 1991, 1993; Akbar and Subroto, 1999; Firman, 2000; Bouteiller and Fouquier, 1995; Goldblum and Wong, 2000). Spatial pattern of urbanisation in megacities Megacities had grown to become primate cities at the earlier stage of urbanisation (Parai and Dutt, 1994; McGee and Greenberg, 1992). Megacities now present more polycentric spatial expansion of urban centers and sub-centers following a network pattern that tends to sprawl along major highways and/or railroad lines radiating out from the urban core (Aguilar and Ward, 2003). However, megacities have passed over four stages of urbanisation urbanisation, suburbanisation, counterurbanisation and reurbanisation (Champion, 2001; Van der Berg et al., 1982; Klaassen et al., 1981; Schweitzer and Steinbrink, 1998) ‘cyclic model. In case of ‘urban centre hierarchy, the consecutive phases of urbanisation can be illustrated as a diffusive wave of differential urbanisation (Pacione, 2001; Geyer and Kontuly, 1993) ( 5). The first phase (U) explains the concentration of population in the central city due to rapid rural-urban migration, while the second phase (S) shows an increasing population at its urban periphery and decreasing population at the central city. Third phase (D) shows decreasing of population both in central city and urban periphery and the final stage shows increasing of population at both locations. The first phase (U) explains increasing population in Primary city and intermediate city but decreasing population in the small cities. In the second phase of counterurbanisation (C), reversal situation of first phase is happening after a certain time. In the final, changing rate of net migration is falling down in case of all size of cities. However, the population of primary city will continue to growth for a certain time thereafter it will fall. On the other hand, the population of intermediate city will reach to the optimum level while population of small cities are still growing. Megacities in Latin America Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Santiago, and Sà £o Paulo are in suburbanisation stage because of the continuation of heavy concentration of production activities and population in the urban core and expanding towards sub-urban areas or fringe areas (Farà ­a 1989; Sassen 1994; Pereira 1967; Caldeira 1996; Aguilar and Ward, 2003; Gwynne, 1985; UNCHS, 1996; Aguilar, 1999a and 1999b; Campolina 1994; Parnreiter, 2002; Ward, 1998; Vance, 1990). There is different argument about the urbanisation stage of Latin American megacities such as Townroe and Keene (1984) and Gilbert (1993) claim that megacities of Latin America are in counterurbanisation stage as the secondary city growth is underway with a polycentric urban form suggestive of polarization reversal with the growth of intermediate sized cities leading to a more balanced national urban structure. Megacities of Southeast Asian are also in suburbanisation stage because of the fusion of urban and rural functions that is a mix of rural and urban activities in peri-urban areas and known as extended metropolitan region (desakota) (Gingsburg et al., 1991; McGee and Robinson, 1995; Firman, 1996; Forbes, 1997; Murakami et al., 2005). However, Beijing is still quite monocentric, and its CBD continues to contain a large share of the metropolitan areas total employment, largely because of the centrality of various urban amenities, and because of the concentration of government activities in Beijing (Zheng and Kahn, 2008). On the other hand, other megacities of China Shanghai and Guangzhou are shifting their urban spatial pattern from monocentric form to polycentric form. Lagos of Nigeria is still in urbanisation stage and there are no evidence of meta-urban or peri-urban development (Briggs and Mwamfupe, 2000; Yeboah, 2000) rather city growth is contained within clearly defined boundaries. Megacities in Western Europe and United States are the stage of reurbanisation (Antrop, 2000, 2004) such as Paris (Sallez and Burgi, 2004; Cavailhes et al., 2004), New York (Godfrey, 1995; Preston and McLafferty, 1993), and London (Bendixson, 2004). 5. Research Timeframe for initial 9 months Activity schedule Time Frame Oct- 09 Nov- 09 Dec- 09 Jan- 10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 June-10 Conceptualization Discussion on the context, key features and material sources of the research Chapter 1: Theoretical framework on the contextual terminologies on urbanisation and agglomeration Chapter 1: Fixation of aims and objectives, and development of methodology and research structure Preparation and presentation of 100-days viva Chapter 2: (objective 1) Literature review Chapter 3: (objective 2) Literature review 6. Research Timeframe for 3 years Activity schedule Time Frame 2009 2010 2011 2012 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Conceptualization Discussion on the context, key features and material sources of the research Literature Review stage Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Empirical stage Sample size formulation Primary data collection Secondary data collection Data verification, editing and input Chapter 6: Methodology Chapter 7: Data analysis Chapter 8: Objective 5 and 6 Evaluation and conclusion Chapter 9: Findings Chapter 10: Recommendations and Implementation guidelines Chapter 11: Conclusion Final presentation and submission 7. References Abernathy, W. J., Clark, K. B., and Kantrow, A. M. (1983). Industrial renaissance: Producing a competitive future for America. New York: Basic Books. Abramovitz, M. (1989). Thinking about Growth: And Other Essays on Economic Growth and Welfare. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ades, A. F., and E. L. Glaeser. 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